【正文】 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY CHAPTER 1 LEXICOLOGY AND WORDS Introduction What Is Lexicology? What Is a word The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics Lexical and Grammatical Words Words and Semantic Fields Aims and Significance of the Course of English Lexicology Approaches to the Study of English Lexicology Introduction Words are the building block of the English language. They are very important in verbal munication. We shall review in this chapter the term lexicology, the concept of word, word classes, the features of word, and the concept of semantic fields. We shall also discuss the difficulties in the definition of the word, the major features of words, and the place of words in linguistic analysis. Language, Linguistics and Lexicology What is language? 1. a. The use by human beings of voice sounds, and often written symbols representing these sounds, in anized binations and patterns in order to express and municate thoughts and feelings. b. A system of words formed from such binations and patterns, used by the people of a particular country or by a group of people with a shared history or set of traditions. 2. a. A nonverbal method of municating ideas, as by a system of signs, symbols, gestures, or rules: the language of algebra. b. Computer Science. A system of symbols and rules used for munication with or between puters. 3. Body language。 kinesics. 4. The special vocabulary and usages of a scientific, professional, or other group: “ his total mastery of screen language— camera placement, editing— and his handling of actors” (Jack Kroll). 5. A characteristic style of speech or writing: Shakespearean language. 6. a. Abusive, violent, or profane utterance: “ language that would make your hair curl” (. Gilbert). b. A particular manner of utterance: gentle language. 7. The manner or means of munication between living creatures other than human beings: the language of dolphins. 8. Verbal munication as a subject of study. 9. The wording of a legal document or statute as distinct from the spirit. ? Language is a system underlying the speech of a munity. Saussure ? Language is a system in the mind of an individual. ? It is the set of sentences characterized or to be characterized by a generative grammar. Chomsky ? Language is a set of sentences potentially observable in a speech munity. Bloomfield Language is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics. It is a special social action and a carrier of information used for human munication in a society. [趙世開：《論語(yǔ)言和語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)》 1980] Functions of Language 1. Social function 2. Psychological function 1. Social function Language is used as a means of munication in a society. It grows and develops with the growth and development of a society. No society, no language. Take the means of transportation for example: buggy – 1. A small, light, onehorse carriage usually having four wheels in the United States and two wheels in Great Britain. 2. A baby carriage. gig – A light, twowheeled carriage drawn by one horse. troika – A Russian carriage drawn by a team of three horses abreast. coach – . A motorbus. b. A railroad passenger car. c. A closed automobile, usually with two doors. d. A large, closed, fourwheeled carriage with an elevated exterior seat for the driver。 a stagecoach. coup233。 A closed fourwheel carriage with two seats inside and one outside. caravan A large covered vehicle。 a van. a buggy a coup233。 car, bus, motor, moped, sedan, saloon, limousine, shuttle airplane, airbus, jet plane, spaceship 2. Psychological function Language is used to express man’ s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. No thinking, no language. Definition of Linguistics The analytic study of human language. OR The study of the nature and structure of human speech. OR Linguistics is concerned with the lexical and grammatical categories of individual languages, with differences between one type of language and another, and with historical relations within families of languages. Words in Linguistic Analysis 1. Phonology (音韻學(xué)；音位學(xué) ) 2. Lexicology (詞匯學(xué) ) 3. Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué) ) 4. Syntax (句法學(xué) ) 5. Semantics (語(yǔ)義學(xué) ) 6. Functional linguistics (功能語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 7. Sociolinguistics (社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 8. pragmatics (語(yǔ)用學(xué) ) 9. Psycholinguistics (心理語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 10. Corpus linguistics (語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 11. Discourse analysis (語(yǔ)篇分析 ) 12. Phoics (語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) 13. Stylistics (語(yǔ)體學(xué) ) 14. Descriptive linguistics (描寫語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 15. Contrastive linguistics (對(duì)比語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 16. Comparative linguistics (比較語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 17. Applied linguistics (應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 18. Computational linguistics (計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué) ) 2. What Is lexicology Word is a plex phenomenon in our daily life. As the name suggests, lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with plex and pound words. If we want to study words, we shall have to look at words and their relations to other fields from different perspectives. Lexicology is closely related to morphology, semantics, etymology, and lexicography, because these fields also