【正文】 ategories of individual languages, with differences between one type of language and another, and with historical relations within families of languages. Words in Linguistic Analysis 1. Phonology (音韻學(xué)；音位學(xué) ) 2. Lexicology (詞匯學(xué) ) 3. Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué) ) 4. Syntax (句法學(xué) ) 5. Semantics (語義學(xué) ) 6. Functional linguistics (功能語言學(xué) ) 7. Sociolinguistics (社會語言學(xué) ) 8. pragmatics (語用學(xué) ) 9. Psycholinguistics (心理語言學(xué) ) 10. Corpus linguistics (語料庫語言學(xué) ) 11. Discourse analysis (語篇分析 ) 12. Phoics (語音學(xué) ) 13. Stylistics (語體學(xué) ) 14. Descriptive linguistics (描寫語言學(xué) ) 15. Contrastive linguistics (對比語言學(xué) ) 16. Comparative linguistics (比較語言學(xué) ) 17. Applied linguistics (應(yīng)用語言學(xué) ) 18. Computational linguistics (計算語言學(xué) ) 2. What Is lexicology Word is a plex phenomenon in our daily life. As the name suggests, lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with plex and pound words. If we want to study words, we shall have to look at words and their relations to other fields from different perspectives. Lexicology is closely related to morphology, semantics, etymology, and lexicography, because these fields also deal with words. Definition of Lexicology The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: lexikon and logie. The former means ‘ word’ , the latter ‘ learning’ or ‘ the study of’ . So the literal meaning of the term is ‘ the science of words’ . Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. Morphology and Semantics 1. Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their ponents. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. The major purpose of study in morphology is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation. 2. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. It tries to explain and describe meaning in natural languages. Etymology and Lexicography ? Etymology (語源 ,字源學(xué) ) is the study of the whole history of words. ? Lexicography (詞典編纂 ,詞典學(xué) ) is the process or work of writing or piling a dictionary. What Is a Word 1. A sound or a bination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and municates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a bination of morphemes. 2. Something said。 2. With grammar。s chariot made the sound of thunder. Friday English name of the sixth day of the week. The day was held sacred to Venus, the goddess of love, by the Romans. Germanic peoples held the day sacred to the Norse goddess of love, Freya. The Hebrew name for Friday, yom shishi, means “ sixth day.” Among many Slavic peoples, however, Friday is regarded as the fifth day. Friday is the Muslim Sabbath. In the Christian religion, the day is consecrated to the memory of the crucifixion(受難 ) of Jesus Christ. In the Greek Orthodox(正統(tǒng)的 ) church, it is generally a day of not eating meat. Saturday seventh day of the week, named in honor of the Roman god Saturn. Saturday is the Jewish holy day, the Sabbath. In the early days of Christianity, the holy day gradually shifted to Sunday, which was the day of the resurrection ( 復(fù)活 ) of Jesus Christ and the day on which creation began. Several Christian sects(宗派 ), notably the SeventhDay Adventist(耶穌再臨論者 ) church, have reverted to Old Testament practice and observe Saturday as their day of worship. January, first month of the year in the Gregorian calendar. It has 31 days. The name of the month is derived from Janus, the Roman god of gates and doors, and openings and beginnings. January was the 11th month in the ancient Roman calendar, but it came to be regarded as the first month in the 2nd century BC. February, second month of the year. The name was derived from the Latin word februa, signifying the festivals of purification celebrated in ancient Rome during this month. February was originally 29 days long, but one day was later transferred to the month of August. It is now 28 days long in ordinary years, 29 days long in leap years. March (month), third month of the Gregorian year. March was the first month of the Roman year, named for Mars, the god of war. April, fourth month of the Gregorian calendar year. April has 30 days. The Romans named the month Aprilis, (from aperire,” to open” ) probably because it is the season when buds begin to open. May, fifth month of the year. It has 31 days. It was the third month of the old Roman calendar. May 1 has been the occasion for various celebrations since ancient times. June, sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar. It has 30 days. June was the fourth month in the old Roman calendar. When Julius Caesar instituted reform of the calendar, he added an additional day to the original 29 days of the month. July, seventh month of the year. It has 31 days. It was the fifth month in the early Roman calendar. It was the month in which Roman statesman Julius Caesar was born, and in 44 BC, the month was named Julius, in his honor. August, eighth month of the year, named in honor of the Roman emperor Augustus. September, ninth month of the Gregorian calendar. It was the seventh mont