【正文】 :29:0103:29Feb2313Feb23 ? 1越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。 。 ⑤建立“語素音位”。 Functional linguistics (功能語言學(xué) ) Label adopted by various schools of linguists who wish to emphasize the attention given in their theories to the functions of language in general, or to those of specific features in particular textual or other contexts. Sociolinguistics (社會語言學(xué) ) The study of language and linguistic behavior as influenced by social and cultural factors. 社會語言學(xué)（ sociolinguistics ）是在 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代在美國首先興起的一門邊緣性學(xué)科。 4. With historical linguistics With phoics Phoics is the study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance, that is, the study of speech sounds. It is closely related to lexicology. Without sound there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. With grammar ? Vocabulary and grammar are originally related to one another. In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary. With stylistics Stylistics is “ the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language as characteristic of different uses of language, different situations of use, or different literary types.” [Webster’ s] Lexicology studies stylistic variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes: synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech, etc. Same matter expressed in different styles 1. My beloved parent has joined the majority. [literary] 2. My dear father has passed away. [euphemism] 3. My father has died. [neutral] 4. My dad has popped off. [colloquial] 5. My old man has kicked off. [slang] With historical linguistics Historical linguistics studies words from the viewpoint of diachrony, whereas lexicology studies words from the viewpoint of both synchrony and diachrony, but especially of synchrony. Lexical and Grammatical Words lexical words are: 1. nouns 2. verbs 3. adjectives 4. adverbs. Grammatical words are: 1. pronouns 2. prepositions 3. demonstrative 4. determiners 5. conjunctions 6. auxiliary verbs 7. and so on. Words and Semantic Fields The vocabulary is said to be anized into a number of partially overlapping semantic fields. In semantic field analysis, words are grouped together into fields on the basis of an element of shared meaning. Semantics In programming, the relationship between words or symbols and their intended meanings. Programming languages are subject to certain semantic rules。A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY CHAPTER 1 LEXICOLOGY AND WORDS Introduction What Is Lexicology? What Is a word The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics Lexical and Grammatical Words Words and Semantic Fields Aims and Significance of the Course of English Lexicology Approaches to the Study of English Lexicology Introduction Words are the building block of the English language. They are very important in verbal munication. We shall review in this chapter the term lexicology, the concept of word, word classes, the features of word, and the concept of semantic fields. We shall also discuss the difficulties in the definition of the word, the major features of words, and the place of words in linguistic analysis. Language, Linguistics and Lexicology What is language? 1. a. The use by human beings of voice sounds, and often written symbols representing these sounds, in anized binations and patterns in order to express and municate thoughts and feelings. b. A system of words formed from such binations and patterns, used by the people of a particular country or by a group of people with a shared history or set of traditions. 2. a. A nonverbal method of municating ideas, as by a system of signs, symbols, gestures, or rules: the language of algebra. b. Computer Science. A system of symbols and rules used for munication with or between puters. 3. Body language。 thus, a program statement can be syntactically correct but semantically incorrect—that is, a statement can be written in an acceptable form and still convey the wrong meaning. Semantic or lexical field The vocabulary of a language is not an unstructured collection of words. There exist certain meaning relations among them. Lexicologists use meaning relations to propose descriptions of vocabulary structure. One of the concepts used is the semantic or lexical field. A semantic field contains words that belong to a defined area of meaning. Crystal (1995) defines a semantic field as a 39。它主要是指運用語言學(xué)和社會學(xué)等學(xué)科的理論和方法，從不同的社會科學(xué)的角度去研究語言的社會本質(zhì)和差異的一門學(xué)科。 Contrastive linguistics (對比語言學(xué) ) Any investigation in which the structures of two languages are pared. 對比語言學(xué)（ Contrastive Studies）又稱對比分析（ Contrastive Analysis）是語言學(xué)中的一個分支，其任務(wù)是對兩種或兩種以上的語言進行共時的對比研究，描述它們之間的異同，特別是其中的不同之處，并將這類研究應(yīng)用于其他有關(guān)領(lǐng)域。 2023年 2月 上午 3時 29分 :29February 13, 2023 ? 1行動出成果，工作出財富。 03:29:0103:29:0103:29Monday, February 13, 2023 ? 1知人者智，自知者明。 03:29:0103:29:0103:292/13/2023 3:29:01 AM ? 1越是沒有本領(lǐng)的就越加自命不凡。 2023年 2月 13日星期一 上午 3時 29分 1秒 03:29: ? 1比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。 ④采用直接成分分析法。也可以指對邏輯形式系統(tǒng)中符號解釋的研究。 3. With stylistics。 kinesics. 4. The special vocabulary and usages of a scientific, professional, or other group: “ his total mastery of screen language— camera placement, editing— and his handling of actors” (Jack Kroll).