【正文】 編號(hào)：時(shí)間：2021年x月x日書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟頁碼：第37頁 共37頁英漢法律翻譯教程 孫萬彪 前言合同有一定的模式和一般性的條款。法律翻譯的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。“忠實(shí)通順”法律翻譯的難處：對(duì)法律用于的理解，長句的解讀和翻譯。導(dǎo)論：法律文件的翻譯法律英語的嚴(yán)肅性和嚴(yán)密性法律文件往往使用正式的詞語，被賦予專門意義并已進(jìn)入法律英語范疇的普通詞語，英語古詞語，外來詞語，法律屬于和行話，套話。法律文件之中經(jīng)常會(huì)不少結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，文辭冗長的句子。法律文件最突出的特點(diǎn)是客觀公正，不帶主觀色彩，因而句子中較少出現(xiàn)人稱主語， 更多的是被動(dòng)語態(tài)和名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。法律翻譯，直譯。應(yīng)對(duì)法律文件的每一個(gè)詞（包括虛詞）都不能掉以輕心，應(yīng)該按其在法律語境中的意思進(jìn)行翻譯。即使是介詞也應(yīng)當(dāng)重視。翻譯長句，應(yīng)該在準(zhǔn)確理解句子的完整意思的基礎(chǔ)上，按中國所習(xí)慣的時(shí)間順序（如由過去，現(xiàn)在到將來），和邏輯思維順序（如“因”而“果”），將英語原句譯成符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的文字?！安鸱帧稀钡奶幚矸绞健７煞g工作者除了在英語和漢語的功底和寫作能力有較高的要求，同時(shí)還需要有一點(diǎn)個(gè)法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的知識(shí)。 1． 人稱代詞和物主代詞的翻譯漢語里的人稱代詞不多。在英語里，凡是能用人稱代詞取代名詞的地方都用代詞。漢語有重復(fù)名次的強(qiáng)，而不會(huì)過多使用人稱代詞。 法律翻譯之中只有代詞“其”才是最合適的。三種翻譯方法：1． 譯成漢語代詞(a) Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.未經(jīng)事先允許，任何一方不得將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何和全部權(quán)利和權(quán)益讓與及將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的責(zé)任委托給第三方。2． 譯成所代替的名詞(a) This Contract is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. 本合同以中文文本簽署。如有必要，本合同可譯成其他文字。 (b) This Agreement constitues the entire agreeement between the parties with respect to its subject matter, and no variation of this Agreement shall be dffective unless made in writing and signed by all of the parties. 本協(xié)議構(gòu)成雙方關(guān)于本協(xié)議標(biāo)的的完整協(xié)議，對(duì)本協(xié)議的任何修改，只有通過書面形式并經(jīng)雙方簽字后方能生效。3． 省略不譯(a) The formation of this Contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China. 本合同的訂立，效力，解釋，執(zhí)行和合同爭議的解決，均受中華人民共和國法律的管轄。(b) A certificate issued by the Chamber of Commerce or other appropriate authority where such circumstances occur shall be sufficient proof of the existence of such circumstances and their duration. 不可抗力事件發(fā)生地的商會(huì)或其他有關(guān)部門出具的證明，應(yīng)足以證明不可抗力事件的存在和延續(xù)的時(shí)間。 Assignment/transfer 轉(zhuǎn)讓1. Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization invilving the assigning Party, and (ii) any entity to which the assigning Party may transfer all or substantially all of its assets。 provided that the assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the terms and conditions of the Agreement and provides documentation as evidence that the assignee has the ability and capability of meeting all of the obligations under this Agreement. 任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意，不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議的全部或部分，除非轉(zhuǎn)讓給（i）涉及轉(zhuǎn)讓方的因兼并，合并或其他重組而產(chǎn)生的任何公司，（ii）轉(zhuǎn)讓方可以向其轉(zhuǎn)讓全部或絕大部分資產(chǎn)的實(shí)體；但受讓方須書面同意受本協(xié)議所有條款和條件約束，并提供文件證明受讓方有資格、有能力履行本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的全部義務(wù)。2. Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of it rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its rights and interests and delegates its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate。 provided that Part B shall continue to warrant that such affiliate will plete the purchase of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement.任何一方未經(jīng)事先書面批準(zhǔn)， 不得將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何和全部權(quán)利和權(quán)益讓與及將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的責(zé)任委托給任何第三方。但乙方有權(quán)將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的權(quán)利和權(quán)益讓與及將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的責(zé)任委托給一家關(guān)聯(lián)公司，但是乙方應(yīng)繼續(xù)保證該關(guān)聯(lián)公司將以本協(xié)議擬定的方式完成對(duì)股權(quán)的購買。3. Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests herunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clause, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable, and (b) Party B may, without the consent of Party A, assign in whole, but not in part, its rights herunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity of Party B or its ultimate parent pany (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shal not be deemed as a release of Party B’s obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written consent to any such release and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clause.) Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clause shall be void.本協(xié)議任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意（該另一方不得無理拒絕同意），不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議或其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何權(quán)利和權(quán)益。盡管本條有上述規(guī)定，但(a)甲方有權(quán)將其權(quán)利讓與任何子公司、關(guān)聯(lián)公司或繼承實(shí)體，只要在適用情況下，加方仍有責(zé)任履行其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的全部義務(wù)，(b)乙方可以無須經(jīng)加方同意，將其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的全部（而不是部分）權(quán)力讓與乙方的任何子公司、關(guān)聯(lián)公司或繼承實(shí)體或其最終的母公司（但是像任何該等子公司進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓，不應(yīng)被視為解除一方在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)，除非甲方已事先書面同意予以解除，且乙方若違反本條規(guī)定仍需對(duì)甲方負(fù)有責(zé)任）。任何試圖違反本條規(guī)定進(jìn)行的轉(zhuǎn)讓均為無效。Hereto ,hereunder 中的here 系指this Agreement, hereto =to this Agreement, hereunder= under this AgreementShall 用在法律文件中，表示法律規(guī)定的義務(wù)，legal obligation 翻譯成“應(yīng)”Should 表示道義上的義務(wù)，moral obligation 翻譯成“應(yīng)該”，“應(yīng)當(dāng)”Notwithstanding 盡管，正式用語Such 是典型的法律用語，用以指前面提及的人或事，一般譯為“該（等）”，有時(shí)視上下文也可譯作“上述”、“前述”。4. Transfer of Registered Capital 注冊(cè)資本的轉(zhuǎn)讓(a) Either Party may transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to the Company to any third party, provided that it first obtains the unanimous approval of the Board and the approval of the Approval Authority and plies with the provisions of this Article. 任何一方均可將其在公司注冊(cè)資本中的全部和部分出資轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三方，但該等轉(zhuǎn)讓首先須經(jīng)董事會(huì)一致通過及審批及格的批轉(zhuǎn)，并符合本條的規(guī)定。Registered capital contribution = contribution to the registered capital 在注冊(cè)資本中的出資額 Board =the board of directors 董事會(huì)Approval Authority = the examination and approval authority 審批機(jī)構(gòu)(b) When a Party ( the “ Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice ( the “Notice”) to the other Party ( the “ Nondisposing Party”). The Notice shall state that the Disposing Party wishes to make the transfer and shall specify the interest it wishes to transfer, the terms and conditions of the transfer, and the identity of the proposed transferee. ( the “ Transferee”).一方（“轉(zhuǎn)讓方”）欲將其全部或部分注冊(cè)資本出資額轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三方時(shí)， 應(yīng)向另一方（“非轉(zhuǎn)讓方”）提供書面通知（“通知”）。通知應(yīng)表明轉(zhuǎn)讓方欲轉(zhuǎn)讓其出資，明確欲轉(zhuǎn)讓的股權(quán)、轉(zhuǎn)讓的條款和條件及受讓人（“受讓人”）的身份。在合同中，放在括號(hào)里首字母大寫的詞，是為了后文敘述簡便，指稱明確而對(duì)其前面的對(duì)象所作的定義，只不過是省略了“hereinafter referred to as” （以下簡稱）一語而已。(c) T