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第一篇 詞法四、 形容詞、副詞(一) 知識概要形容詞的用法很活躍,在英語中用處也很多,但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時不同,要特別加以注意。下面將初中學習階段中遇到的修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下:many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下:much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。英語中形容詞與副詞有原級、比較級、最高級之分,其規(guī)則如下:構(gòu)詞法 原 級 比較級 最高級 加er,或est Tallyoung talleryounger tallestyoungest 只加r或st nicelarge nicerlarger nicestlargest 重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個輔音 字母時雙寫該字母加er、est big fathot bigger fatterhotter biggestfattesthottest 不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞:原 級 比較級 最高級 good better best Well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far fartherfurther farthestfurthest old olderelder oldesteldest 要注意的是許多形容詞同時又是副詞,如:back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容詞則要經(jīng)過一定變化才能轉(zhuǎn)為副詞,其規(guī)律如下:構(gòu)詞法 形容詞 副 詞 一般加ly Carefulkind carefullykindly 尾是y時將y變成i加ly Happybusyeasy Happilybusilyeasily 其 他 trueterriblefullpossibleshywhole trulyterriblyfullypossiblyshylywholly 在學習過程中要注意其變化。此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級和最高級形容詞。能修飾比較級的有:much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修飾最高級的有:the very, much the, far等。(二) 正誤辨析[誤] The young likes playing football very much.[正] The young like playing football very much.[析] 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人,應作復數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時則要看作單數(shù),如:The beautiful is not always 。[誤] The danger has gone, so the worst are over.[正] The danger has gone, so the worst is over.[析] 意為:危險已經(jīng)過去,最困難的狀況已結(jié)束。用定冠詞加最高級形容詞作主語時應看作單數(shù)形式。[誤] It is the gold age of the young.[正] It is the golden age of the young.[析] golden在英語中多用于比喻,如:golden hair金發(fā),gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達金質(zhì)的,如:a gold bar金條,a gold coin金幣,但gold fish 金魚例外。[誤] She is a warm heart woman.[正] She is a warmhearted woman.[析] 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多,其中之一是由形容詞,或數(shù)詞,加名詞加ed構(gòu)成,如:warmhoarted 熱心腸的,whitehaired 白毛的[誤] There is an alive fish in the pool.[正] There is a living fish in the pool.[析] 在初中范圍內(nèi)所學到的以a字母開頭的形容詞一般不能作定語,只能作表語。如:The fish is alive.(魚還活著)這樣的形容詞有:alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。[誤] The ill man nearly died.[正] The sick man nearly died.[析] ill一般不作定語來形容某人有病,而要用sick,但作表語時則都可以。如:He is ill sick, ill作定語時則另有他意,如:ill luck (厄運),ill nature(天性惡劣),ill temper(心緒不好)[誤] I have important something to tell you.[正] I have something important to tell you.[析] 不定代詞something, anyone, somebody…在用形容詞修飾時,形容詞應放其后。但要注意thing則不是不定代詞,不符合上述規(guī)律。如:I have an important thing to tell you.[誤] I39。ll be free on next Sunday.[正] I39。ll be free next Sunday.[析] 在表達將來時的時候:next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介詞。[誤] The girl is twoyear old.[正] The girl is two years old.[正] She is a twoyearold girl[析] 由連字符連接若干名詞、數(shù)詞……組成的形容詞,在學習時要記住兩點,其一是這些詞中的名詞都不要用復數(shù)形式,如:twothousandword report(兩千字的報告);其二是這樣構(gòu)成的形容詞只能作定語,即用于名詞之前,而不能作表語。[誤] The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.[正] The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.[析] 在名詞前若有幾個形容詞作修飾語時,其順序如下。1. 指示代詞,定冠詞 2. 數(shù)量詞 3. 性質(zhì)詞 4. 大小 5. 形狀 6. 老少,新舊 7. 顏色 8. 材料但要注意的是英語的習慣是一個名詞前的形容詞一般不要多于三個。如: What a pretty little white horse!Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. [誤] The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.[正] The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.[析] good是形容詞,這里是修飾動詞speak的,所以應用副詞well,但well作形容詞講時只作身體好。如:He is well.(他身體很好)。He is good.(他是個好人)。[誤] The children play on the grass nappyly.[正] The children play on the grass happily[析] 多音節(jié)y結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時應將y變?yōu)閕再加ly.[誤] The teacher looked angry at the students.[正] The teacher looked angrily at the students.[析] 英語中感觀動詞后面要接形容詞,這時它是修飾主語的,如:The food smells 。The teacher looked angry 老師看起來很生氣。 而此句的意思為:老師生氣地看著學生,所以應用副詞形式。[誤] He worked with me friendly.[正] He was friendly to me.[析] 不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是副詞,但friendly是形容詞,這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, costly, lively…monthly weekly…。但其中有些詞既是副詞,又是形容詞,如:early, hourly, monthly…[誤] You can speak free in front of your friends.[正] You can speak freely in front of your friends.[析] free作為形容詞意為自由的,有空閑的,免費的。作為副詞講則是免費之意。而freely作為副詞則是自由的,隨便的。這些要注意的詞還有:hard 努力,艱苦 hardly 幾乎不 late 遲,晚lately 最近的,最新的 near 近 nearly 幾乎like 像 likely 幾乎[誤] They must have arrived till now.[正] They must have arrived by now.[析] by now是用于表達到目前為止某一動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,所以應用瞬間動詞。而till now是強調(diào)某一動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,所以一定要用持續(xù)性動詞。must have+過去分詞是對過去某一事情所作的肯定推測。[誤] Someone called you right now.[正] Someone called you just now.[析] just now有兩個意思,其一是剛才,其二是現(xiàn)在