【正文】 Unit Twelve Insurance What is the purpose of insurance? house against fire. ? You can insure your car against accident/theft. nose against harm. life insurance. health insurance. ? You can effect a endowment accident insurance. burglary and robbery insurance. ?風(fēng)險(xiǎn)： risks, perils total loss ?損失： losses particular average partial loss (單獨(dú)海損） general average （共同海損） ?險(xiǎn)別： risks, perils, coverages 保險(xiǎn)公司按照不同 險(xiǎn)別 包括的 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 所造成的 損失 和發(fā)生的費(fèi)用承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任，所以在保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)中 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 、 損失 和 險(xiǎn)別 三者有著緊密的聯(lián)系，為此，我們對(duì)保險(xiǎn)公司所能承保的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與損失的種類和內(nèi)容必須有準(zhǔn)確的理解。 Risks in Cargo Transportation Risks in cargo transportation are of many kinds. Different risks mean different losses And different risks are covered by different insurance clauses and different insurance clauses mean different premiums保險(xiǎn)費(fèi) . So we need to have a good understanding of the different risks and losses before we know how to effect insurance. In marine cargo transportation insurance, risks fall into perils of the sea海難 and extraneous risks外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) . Perils and Losses in Ocean Transportation Perils and risks風(fēng)險(xiǎn) of the Sea海難 /海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (1) Natural calamities海上發(fā)生的自然災(zāi)害 (2) Fortuitous accidents意外事故 risks外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (1) General extraneous risks (2) Special extraneous risks Part 1. Perils and Losses in Ocean Transportation ? Perils and risks kinds of perils 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)種類 In marine insurance, perils are generally of two kinds. 1. Perils of the sea 海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（又稱海難） （ 1） Natural calamities 海上發(fā)生的自然災(zāi)害 Natural calamities cover vile weather(惡劣氣候 )， thunder and lightening(雷電 )， tsunami(海嘯， tidal waves), earthquake, floods and other irresistible disasters.（不可抗拒的災(zāi)害） Part 1. Perils and Losses in Ocean Transportation （ 2） Fortuitous accidents 意外事故 Fortuitous accidents mainly include ship stranded (擱淺 ), striking a rock, ship sinking(沉沒 ), ship collision(互撞 ), colliding with icebergs or other objects, fire, explosion and ship missing and other accidents with sea characteristics. Part 1. Perils and Losses in Ocean Transportation 2. Extraneous risks 外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) Extraneous risks refer to risks outside perils of the sea. （ 1） General extraneous risks 一般外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) General extraneous risks include theft, breakage, leakage, contamination, sweat and heating(受潮受熱 ), taint of odor(串味 ), hook damage(鉤損 ), shortage(短量 ) and rust(銹損 ) Part 1. Perils and Losses in Ocean Transportation （ 2） Special extraneous risks 特殊外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn) Special extraneous risks refer to risks resulting from military affairs, political and administrative rules such as war, strikes, failure to deliver(交貨不到 ), rejection(拒絕收貨 ) Part 1. Perils and Losses in Ocean Transportation ? Ocean average 海損 When used for insurance, the word ?average‘ has not the usual meaning. Average means loss sustained in sea transportation. According to the extent of the loss, it is divided into total loss and partial loss. （ 1） Total loss 全損 Total loss means all the goods insured suffered loss. Part 1. Perils and Losses in Ocean Transportation （ 2） Partial loss 部分損失 A partial loss is any loss other than a total loss. A partial loss may include a particular average loss(單獨(dú)海損 ), a general average loss(共同海損 ) and particular charges(特殊收費(fèi) ). Thus there are two distinct types of partial loss. （ ⅰ ） Particular average loss It is the accidental意外的 damage to part of the cargo. The average (damage) is not caused by deliber