[研究生入學(xué)考試]需求和消費(fèi)者行為(已修改)
2024-10-31 01:17 本頁面
【正文】 1 需求與消費(fèi)者行為 第 5章 2 選擇和效用理論 3 消費(fèi)者行為 ? The concept of individual choice is one of the most important in economics . ? Economics relays on the fundamental premise (基本假定 ) that people tend to choose those goods and services they value most highly. 4 效用理論 ? Utility denotes satisfaction. More precisely, it refers to how consumers rank different goods and services. ? In the theory of demand, we say that people maximize their utility, which means that they choose the bundle of consumption goods (消費(fèi)品束 ) that they most prefer. 5 背景知識： 邊際革命 ? 1870s前期 ， 英國的杰文斯 、 僑居瑞士的法國人瓦爾拉和奧地利的門格爾 ， 三人發(fā)起 “ 邊際革命 ” 。 L233。on Walras 18341910 Carl Menger 18401921 William S. Jevons 18351882 6 邊際效用價(jià)值論 ? 掀起邊際革命的學(xué)者用倡導(dǎo)并發(fā)揚(yáng) “ 邊際效用價(jià)值論 ” ， 用主觀效用價(jià)值論與當(dāng)時(shí)的勞動價(jià)值論相對抗 ， 以邊際分析方法取代當(dāng)時(shí)的平均分析方法 ， 因而成為現(xiàn)代新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人 。 ? Marginal utility is the additional utility derived from a one unit increase in consumption. 7 總效用和邊際效用 消費(fèi)數(shù)量 （總）效用 邊際效用 0 0 1 4 2 7 3 9 4 10 5 10 4 3 2 1 0 8 總效用和邊際效用的關(guān)系 Total utility Quantity O U Q 9 邊際效用遞減定律 Marginal utility Quantity O MU Q 10 效用理論的歷史 ? Daniel Bernoulli (伯努利 ), a member of a brilliant Swiss family of mathematicians, observed in 1738 that people act as if the dollar they stand to gain in a fair bet (賭 ) is worth less to them than the dollar they stand to lose. ? This means that successive (連續(xù)的 ) new dollars of wealth bring them smaller and smaller increments (增量 ) of true utility. 11 Utilitarianism (功利主義） ?Jeremy Bentham (邊沁 ) proposed that society should be anized on the ―principle of utility‖ which he defined as the ―property in any object…to produce pleasure, good or happiness or to prevent…pain, evil or unhappiness.‖ Jeremy Bentham 17481832 12 功利主義的觀點(diǎn) ? All legislation (立法 ) should be designed on utilitarian principles (功利原則 ) to promote the ―greatest happiness of the greatest number.‖ ? They even developed a measure of pleasure they called the util. 13 序數(shù)效用 ? An ordinal (序數(shù) ) measure simply ranks goods relative to one another. ? You can say you like peas better than broccoli (花椰菜 ) and you like ice cream better than both of those vegetables, but you don’t really need to say how much to rank your preferences (偏好 ) for these goods. 14 背景知識 ? 用序數(shù)效用論取代基數(shù)效用論的原因有二： 1. 對于一些不可缺少物品的效用，基數(shù)論可能給出不合理的結(jié)果。 2. 序數(shù)效用論比基數(shù)效用論需要的假設(shè)更少，所需的假設(shè)也更簡單。 15 等邊際原則 16 消費(fèi)者的最優(yōu)化 ? We assume that consumers maximize utility subject to a budget or ine constraint. ? Consumers have a certain amount of ine to spend and, subject to their budget constraint (預(yù)算約束 ) and given a menu of prices, they will choose a market basket of goods that will provide them with the greatest utility or satisfaction. 17 問題： 最優(yōu)支出原則 ? 對于個(gè)人來說， 你是如何將你的收入在吃、穿、用、住、行等各種開銷種分配的，最優(yōu)的花費(fèi)原則是什么？ ? 對于廠商來說， 如何將有限的資源在各項(xiàng)用途中進(jìn)行配置才是最有效的？ 18 簡化的例子 ? 如果只有 10元錢可以用于食物和衣服兩種開銷。 ? 觀點(diǎn) 1： 我會各支出 5元，因?yàn)槌院痛┒际遣豢扇钡摹? ? 觀點(diǎn) 2： 不對，不應(yīng)該 平分花錢 ，應(yīng)該按食物和衣物 效用大小的比例分配 那 10元錢，即效用大的多花錢，效用少的少花錢。 19 衣服和食物的購買 ? 方案 1：總效用 = 80 + 40 = 120。 ? 方案 2：總效用 ≈108 + 10 = 118。 ? 最優(yōu)方案 ：？ 金額 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 食物效用 20 38 54 68 80 90 98 104 108 110 衣服效用 10 19 27 34 40 45 49 52 54 55 20 效用最大的開支 ? 最大總效用的開支 ： 7元用于食物， 3元用于衣服，總效用 = 98 + 27 = 125。
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