[研究生入學(xué)考試]需求和消費(fèi)者行為(已改無錯字)
2022-11-19 01:17:08 本頁面
【正文】 of addictive substances rather than from their consumption. 重度成癮者的需求 55 偶爾染毒者的需求 (legal drugs) (illegal drugs) D D S’ S’ S S Quantity of addictive substance Price of substance Raising the prices of harmful addictive substances can reduce the number of casual users who will be attracted into the market. 56 塔利班禁止種鴉片 ? 據(jù)聯(lián)合國毒品控制和犯罪預(yù)防辦公室統(tǒng)計，塔利班當(dāng)政期間，阿富汗的鴉片產(chǎn)量下降了 94%。因為阿富汗的鴉片產(chǎn)量占世界產(chǎn)量的約 75%，產(chǎn)量下降直接反映為毒品市場生鴉片價格的變動： 2021年每公斤生鴉片價值為 30美元， 2021年飛漲到 300美元，到 9月初，隨著鴉片存量下降，一公斤生鴉片已經(jīng)賣到 700美元。 —— 摘自 “ 廣州日報 ” 2021年 11月 26日 A20版 57 全球 87%鴉片來自阿富汗 ? 據(jù)聯(lián)合國 《 2021阿富汗鴉片調(diào)查報告 》 ，阿富汗 2021年鴉片種植面積創(chuàng)下新高，比上一年的增幅達(dá)到 64％，不過因為當(dāng)年天氣偏冷，產(chǎn)量只增加 17％，即生產(chǎn)鴉片 4200噸（占全世界鴉片的 87％）。而這一年有 1/10的阿富汗人口，在卡爾扎伊政府及其官員的眼皮地下從事鴉片生產(chǎn)。 —— 引自 58 水與鉆石悖論 ? Adam Smith posed the paradox (悖論，似非而是的論點(diǎn) ) of value: ? Nothing is useful than water。 but it will scarce purchase anything. A diamond, on the contrary, has scarce any value in use。 but a very great quantity of other goods may frequently be in exchange for it. 59 價值悖論 ? The answer: ? The total utility from water consumption does not determine its price or demand. Rather, water’s price is determined by its marginal utility, by the usefulness of the last glass of water. 60 消費(fèi)者剩余 ? The gap between the total utility of a good and its total market value is called consumer surplus (消費(fèi)者剩余 ). ? Because of diminishing marginal utility, consumer’s satisfaction exceeds what is paid. 61 消費(fèi)者剩余圖示 價格 數(shù)量 需求曲線 均衡價格 消費(fèi)者實(shí)際支付 消費(fèi)者剩余 市場的消費(fèi)者剩余 Total purchases Consumer surplus Quantity of water Price and marginal utility of water Price of water 63 附錄 消費(fèi)者均衡的幾何分析 （可以選擇第 77頁的內(nèi)容） 64 無差異曲線 ? Suppose a consumer buys different binations of two modities, say, food and clothing, at a given set of price. ? If you were asked to choose between bination A and bination B, you might (1) prefer A to B, (2) prefer B to A, (3) be different between A and B. 65 背景知識 ? 無差異曲線方法是一種不同于基數(shù)效用論的方法，它是以序數(shù)效用論為基礎(chǔ)的。 ? 它的特點(diǎn)在于，你可以不知道商品對于你的效用有多大，只要能夠在兩個商品組合之間進(jìn)行比較就可以了。 66 一個消費(fèi)者的無差異曲線 Food Clothing A 1 6 B 2 3 C 3 2 D 4 A B C D Food Clothing 67 1 C 1 替代法則 ? The scarcer a good, the greater its relative substitution value。 its marginal utility rises relative to the marginal utility of the good that has bee plentiful. 3 1 1 A B D Food Clothing 68 替代率 A B C D Food Clothing △C △ F MUC △ C = MUF △ F MUC MUF = △ C △ F Substitution ratio = 69 無差異曲線圖 Food Clothing A Family of Indifference Curves (無差異曲線簇 ) : Curve U4 stands for a higher level of satisfaction than U3。 U3 for a higher level of satisfaction than U2。 and so forth. U4 U3 U2 U1 70 預(yù)算線和預(yù)算約束 Food Clothing Food Clothing M 4 0 3 2 3 1 N 0 6 6 4 4 2 0 2 6 Consumer’s budget line (預(yù)算線 ): PCQC+PFQF=$6 71 Food Clothing 6 4 4 2 0 2 6 PC △ C = PF △ F PC PF = △ C △ F △C △ F Substitution ratio = 72 切線位置的均衡 Food Clothing U4 U3 U2 U1 B PC PF = MUC MUF Substitution ratio = 73 收入變化 Food Clothing B B‖ 74 單純價格變化 B B‖ A rise in the price of food makes budge
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