[研究生入學(xué)考試]需求和消費(fèi)者行為-wenkub.com
2024-10-16 01:17 本頁面
【正文】 衣服 食物 100 衣服和食物是互補(bǔ)的 衣服和食物是替代的 替代品和互補(bǔ)品 衣服 食物 101 個(gè)人需求曲線 ? 當(dāng)衣服的價(jià)格不變，而食物的價(jià)格變化時(shí)： 食物的價(jià)格下降，消費(fèi)量也隨之增加 。 93 收入變化 ? 給定食物和衣服的價(jià)格，當(dāng)收入增加時(shí)： 收入 3 收入 2 收入 1 衣服 食物 收入 2 收入 1 收入 3 94 消費(fèi)者的最優(yōu)選擇 ? 最優(yōu)市場籃子由無差異曲線與預(yù)算線的切點(diǎn)確定。給定總預(yù)算 80 元。 ? 例如，一雙鞋與一雙鞋加一只左腳鞋的效用一樣。 衣服 食物 A B C D 3 1 2 2 2 3 無差異曲線 85 無差異曲線的形狀 ? 假定無差異曲線是凸的 ，即向內(nèi)彎曲的。 衣服 O 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 食物 50 50 B A E D H G 83 無差異曲線不能相交 ? 假如 U1與 U2相交 ，對(duì)U1來說，市場籃子 A與 D等效用，對(duì) U2來說， A與 B等效用。 ? 市場籃子 A、 B、D具有相同的滿足程度。如：在 A和 B中更偏好 A，或更偏好 B，或兩者無差異。 ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家也可以用 序數(shù)效用理論 來說明消費(fèi)者的選擇行為。 66 一個(gè)消費(fèi)者的無差異曲線 Food Clothing A 1 6 B 2 3 C 3 2 D 4 A B C D Food Clothing 67 1 C 1 替代法則 ? The scarcer a good, the greater its relative substitution value。 —— 引自 58 水與鉆石悖論 ? Adam Smith posed the paradox (悖論，似非而是的論點(diǎn) ) of value: ? Nothing is useful than water。 33 資金配置問題小結(jié) ? 最優(yōu)資金配置計(jì)算結(jié)果概括如下： 產(chǎn)品部門 1 2 3 資金用量 48 凈收益 收益率 % % % 邊際收益率 34 為什么需求曲線向下傾斜 ? The equimarginal principle perfectly explains why demand curves slope downward. 35 ? A higher price for a good reduces the consumer’s desired consumption of that modity. 36 測(cè)試問題 ? Try to fill the the empty boxes correctly with either an equals sign, a greater than sign, or a less than sign. MUx Px MUz Pz MUx Px MUz Pz = = consume more of good x consume more of good z 37 正確的回答 MUx Px MUz Pz MUx Px MUz Pz consume more of good x consume more of good z 38 閑暇和最優(yōu)配置 ? The same rule of maximum utility per hour can be applied to many different areas of life. ???? l e i s u r ew o r ks t u d y MUMUMU? It is not a merely a law of economics. It is a law of rational choice (理性選擇 ). 39 替代效應(yīng)和收入效應(yīng) 40 選擇性的方法 ? Over the last few decades, economists have developed an alternative approach (方法 ) to analysis of demand—one that makes no mention of marginal utility. ? This alternative approach uses ―indifference curves‖ (無差異曲線 ) to rigorously and consistently (嚴(yán)格和一致地 ) produce the major propositions about consumer behavior. 41 替代效應(yīng) ? The first factor explaining downwardsloping demand curve is the substitution effect (替代效應(yīng) ). ? The substitution effect says that when the price of a good rises, consumers will tend to substitute other goods for the more expensive good in order to satisfy their desires more inexpensively. 42 收入效應(yīng) ? The second factor explaining downwardsloping demand curve is the ine effect (收入效應(yīng) ). ? The ine effect denotes the impact of a price change on a good’s quantity demanded that result from the effect of the price change on consumes’ real ines. 43 名義收入和實(shí)際收入 ? We have to understand the difference between nominal ine (名義收入 ) and real ine (實(shí)際收入 ). ? Nominal ine is the face value of what we have in our pocket or bank account. ? Real ine signifies the actual amount of goods and services that your ine can buy. 44 市場需求 45 替代品和互補(bǔ)品 ? Goods are substitutes (替代品 ) if an increase in the price of one increases the demand for the other. ? Goods are plements (互補(bǔ)品 ) if an increase in the price of one decreases the demand for the other. ? G
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