【正文】 GMAT 邏輯總綱 費(fèi)允杰 第一部分：邏輯 總綱 第一章：做題步驟 一． 先讀問(wèn)題（通過(guò)英文標(biāo)志詞讀出題型）。 二． 再讀文章（隨題型不同而發(fā)生變化）。 三． 再看選項(xiàng)。 1． 根據(jù)題型特點(diǎn)。 2． 排除法（通用排除法和無(wú)關(guān)詞排除法）。 3． 白癡型思維。 第二章：五大題型 1． 歸納 2． 演繹（假設(shè)，加強(qiáng)，削弱，評(píng)價(jià)） 3． 解釋 4． 填空 5． 句子作用 第一節(jié)：歸納 英文標(biāo)志詞： conclusion。 inferred。 implied。 supported。 if above true, then it is also true. 讀文章方式：不要關(guān)心文章的推 導(dǎo)過(guò)程，盡量減少思維，承認(rèn)文章正確，只抓信息 一． 公共元素直推法。 If A, then B. A→ B Only if A, then B. B→ A Must by A, in order to B. B→ A If only A, then B. A→ B Not A, unless B. A→ B A, unless B. B → A, A → B A require B. A→ B A is necessary to B. B→ A A depend/draw/base on B. A→ B 例 。我是人。 公共信息：人 直接推結(jié)論：我去了。 例 be mentally healthy, people must have selfrespect. People can maintain selfrespect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally. Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above? (A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others. (B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem. (C) People who are mentally healthy must have selfrespect in other to be treated morally by others. (D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others. (E) People who have selfrespect seldom treat morally those esteem. 例 3. Most television viewers estimate how frequently a particular type of accident or crime occurs by how extensively it is discussed on television news shows. Television news shows report more on stories that include dramatic pictures such as fires and motor vehicle accidents than they do on more mon stories that have little visual drama such as bookkeeping fraud. If the statements above are true, it can be properly concluded that which of the following is also true? (A) The time television news reporters spend researching news stories is directly related to the number of viewers who will be affected by events like those in the news stories. (B) It is easier for crimes such as bookkeeping fraud to go unprosecuted than it is crimes such as arson. (C) The number of fires and motor vehicle accidents greatly increases after each television news show that includes dramatic pictures of a fire or motor vehicle accident. (D) Viewers of television news show tend to overestimate the number of fires and motor vehicle accidents that occur relative to the number of crimes of bookkeeping fraud. (E) The usual selection of news stories for television news show is determined by the number of news reporters available for assignment. 二． 無(wú)關(guān)詞排除法。 例 1. 馬克思說(shuō)：“這本書(shū)只從資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的角度去考慮問(wèn)題，是不正確的?！? 問(wèn)題：從文中能推出馬克思認(rèn)為這本書(shū)應(yīng)從什么角度考慮問(wèn)題？ (A)奴隸主階級(jí) (B)地主階級(jí) (C)工人階級(jí) (D)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí) (E)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)以外的階級(jí) 例 2. Experienced pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed ultralight airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultralight craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should. The passage implies that the heavier aircraft mentioned above are (A) harder to land than ultralight aircraft (B) not as popular with pilots as ultralight aircraft (C) not as safe as ultralight aircraft (D) more fuelefficient than ultralight aircraft (E) easier to handle in wind than ultralight aircraft 第二節(jié)：演繹 讀文章方式：讀懂文章的推導(dǎo)過(guò)程。 一 . 第一種文章（前提結(jié)論結(jié)構(gòu)）： 推測(cè)前提結(jié)論事實(shí) BA ??? ?? 標(biāo)志詞： since A,B。 A,therefore B。 A,conclude B。 A,clear B。 A,obviously B。 A,indicate/show B if A,then B。 by A,in order to B。 plan A,to B. 1. 假設(shè)。 英文標(biāo)志詞： assume, assumption, presuppose, additional premise, not true unless, depend on, rely on. 橋梁型。 A— B 例 1． New Jersey has one of the lowest motor vehicle fatality rates in the country, and it is one of the few states that require extensive annual automobile safety inspections. Therefore, all states should adopt similar safety inspection procedures. The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions? (A) Most states tend to impose few rules and regulations on the automobile drivers operating within those states. (B) Most states are skeptical that annual automobile safety inspections can reduce fatality rates. (C) Annual automobile safety inspections contribute significantly to holding down New Jersey’s fatality rate. (D) Drivers in New Jersey are more safety conscious than are drivers in other parts of the country. (E) A smaller number of people die on the roads in New Jersey than in most other states. 例 2. The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 an transplants next year. But it is doubtful that this many donor ans will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade. The argument above makes which of the following assumptions? (A) A significant number of the ans used in transplants e from people who die in car and motorcycle accidents. (B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year. (C) No more than 10,000 people will be in need of an transplants during the next year. (D) In the past the federal government’s estimates of the number of an transplants needed during a given year have been very unreliable. (E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the vicinity in need of an an for a transplant. 例 3. 因?yàn)閯e人的老婆都有別墅， 所以我也應(yīng)該有別墅。 假設(shè)：我應(yīng)該是別人的老婆。 例 4. “On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.” The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions? (A) Engineering students are working less because,