【正文】 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目： The Story of the Grameen Bank 出 處： Brooks world Poverty institute 作 者： David Hulme 原 文： The Story of the Grameen Bank David Hulme Abstract This paper looks at the establishment and evolution of the iconic Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. It traces the development of the Bank from its origins, providing microcredit to poor, rural women in Bangladesh, through a period of national expansion and institutionalisation, to the replication around the world of the Grameen model. In the late 1990s the Bank faced repayment problems and a developing financial crisis, and strategies were put in place to stabilise and reshape the Bank. This led in 2020 to the launch of Grameen II, which is analysed in terms of its main ponents and its results. Finally, the paper looks at Grameen Bank’s future role as a major player in the microfinance market, and as an inspiration for those helping poor people improve their own lives. Keywords microfinance, microenterprise, credit financing Introduction The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh holds an iconic position in the world of microfinance. It is credited with proving that ‘the poor are bankable’。 the Grameen ‘model’ has been copied in more than 40 countries。 it is the most widely cited development success story in the world。 and its charismatic FounderDirector, Professor Muhammad Yunus, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020. By the end of February 2020 it had million clients and outstanding loans of $545 million. By any measure it is an organisation that has impacted greatly on the lives of many poor people and on ideas about microfinance, poverty reduction and international development. The groupbased lending model, targeted at poor, rural women, that is synonymous with the Grameen Bank contrasts markedly with the two other iconic microfinance institutions, Bank Rakyat Indonesia and BancoSol of Bolivia. The original Grameen Bank model es out of what Robinson calls a ‘poverty lending’ approach, rather than the ‘financial systems’ approach that she, the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), and many US microfinance specialists prefer. However, unnoticed by many observers, the Grameen Bank made dramatic changes to its services around 2020 and 2020. Its new model (Grameen II), takes it much closer to a financial systems approach. Although Professor Yunus continues to champion the idea of microfinance for poor women, most obviously through the annual Microcredit Summit, the Bank he directs increasingly lends to nonpoor clients, has moved aggressively into savings mobilisation, and is very much concerned with the overall profitability of the mix of its products. Grameen II reflects not so much a reform as a revolution in the Grameen’s strategy. Rather than challenging the marketbased ‘financial systems approach’ the contemporary Grameen Bank vindicates it. But, let us start at the beginning. Early days As Professor Yunus reports in his autobiography (Yunus, 1999), and as Fuglesang and Chandler (1986) record, the origins of the Grameen Bank lie in the dilemma that the young Yunus found himself facing in the mid1970s. Having pleted his PhD in the USA, he had returned to Bangladesh to lecture in economics at Chittagong University. However, he found himself wondering what relevance the economic theory he taught had to the immediate needs of the thousands of hungry and deprived people he saw in rural Bangladesh. The country was slowly recovering from a vicious war of independence that had destroyed its infrastructure and its productivity and murdered much of its intelligentsia. The damage caused by the war had been amplified by the famine of 1974, and the country was dependent on food aid. Human suffering on a vast scale could be witnessed in any town or village.