【正文】 評(píng)價(jià) 第三章 第一二 三節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單 理解 三節(jié) 一般了解 四節(jié)黑體字 第十一章 人本主義 注： 1 心理學(xué)流派和思想是重點(diǎn) 2 心理學(xué)史部分內(nèi)容劃在書里 教育統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) 統(tǒng)計(jì)的本質(zhì)是研究變異（不確定性） 一對(duì)變異的一般情況進(jìn)行描述 描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)（描述單變量） 集中量：平均數(shù) 中位數(shù) 眾數(shù) 差異量：離差 平均差 方差 方差分析理論 系統(tǒng)變異（如性別） Z=（ X1X2） /6X 系統(tǒng)誤差 X2=（ frft)2/ft 統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)把變異分解為系統(tǒng)和隨機(jī) Z 分?jǐn)?shù)：平均數(shù)的相對(duì)位置 單位是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 什么叫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分?jǐn)?shù) 有什么特點(diǎn) 確切的分布形態(tài) 概率分布圖 心理學(xué)的分布多為正臺(tái)分布 正態(tài)分布表 偏態(tài)量（考過） 概率和概率密度 概率密度在指在某點(diǎn)周圍發(fā)生的概率大 概率分布圖 樣本分布圖 樣本個(gè)體的分布 抽樣分布 樣本的統(tǒng)計(jì)量的分布 抽樣的均數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差比樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差小 相關(guān)系數(shù)：描述兩個(gè)變量一致性變化程度的統(tǒng)計(jì)量 稱名變量：如農(nóng)村 城市 協(xié)方差 相關(guān)系數(shù) 相關(guān)系數(shù)檢驗(yàn) 回歸：難過某個(gè)變量對(duì)另外變量分析 回歸線 用來做預(yù)測(cè) 原則：最小二重法 回歸方程檢驗(yàn)： y=kx+b SSy=SSR+SSe F=SSB/SST(變異分析 ) 回歸線決定系數(shù)（ 1 語(yǔ)言描述 2公式 3是相關(guān)系數(shù)的平方） 二 推斷統(tǒng)計(jì) ：通過樣本對(duì)總體推斷 樣本 總體 樣本 樣本 不同樣本之間的差異 推斷統(tǒng)計(jì)： 1 假設(shè) 從反面假設(shè) 2 抽樣分布 計(jì)算統(tǒng)計(jì)量 3 小概率事件在一次事件中不發(fā)生原理 方差分析 重點(diǎn)兩因素 總體均數(shù)檢驗(yàn) 參數(shù)檢驗(yàn) 非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn) X2檢驗(yàn) 四格表 公式 符號(hào)檢驗(yàn) 中位數(shù)檢驗(yàn) 三 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)（抽樣設(shè)計(jì)） 難點(diǎn)： 1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差： 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤：均數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 2 概率與概率密度 3 樣本分布：原始觀測(cè)值 抽樣分 布：原始均值的觀測(cè)值 4 5 假設(shè)檢驗(yàn) 一般原理：歸納反證法 怎樣理解自由度的變化 總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 6 方差分析的原理 華中師大教育心理學(xué)筆記 (佐斌 ) normal. What seems norma is only an illusion, And what seems good is finally revealed to be monstrous. The people39。s confusion has lasted a very long time. Therefore the Sage is honest, but not judgmental Strong, but not injurious to others Straightforward, but not reckless Bright, but not blinding. 59 In leading people and serving Heaven There is nothing better than moderation. In moderation, one is already following the Tao. When one follows the Tao, great goodness is abundant. When great goodness is in abundance, There is nothing that cannot be overe. When there is nothing that cannot be overe Then there are no limits. Having no limits, one can certainly govern a country. If you know the country39。s Mother, you will long endure. I call this having deep roots and a firm stalk. This is the Way of long life and great insight. 60 Govern a big country as you would fry a smal fish. Approach the world with the Tao and evi will have no power. Not that evi has no power, but it will not harm people. Not that evi is not harmful, But the Sage is dedicated to not harming peopleeven evi people. When no one hurts another, All will eventually return to the good. 61 A great country is like a lowlying lake where many rivers converge。 A foca point for the Earth, the feminine Spirit of the World. The female always overes the male by stillness. Stillness is the lowest position. Therefore a big country, By placing itself below a smaller country Wil win the smaller country. And a smal country, By placing itself below a larger country Wil gain the large country. Therefore, by being humble, one gains And the other, being humble already, also gains. A great country needs to embrace the lowly. The smal country needs to serve others. Thus, both needs are satisfied And each gets what it wants. Remember, the great country should always humble itself. 62 The Tao is the bosom of the Universe It is the good person39。s treasure And the bad person39。s refuge. Flattery may buy one39。s position And good deeds can win people over But if one39。s heart is not pure That is All the more reason to cling to the Tao! Therefore when a king is coronated, Crowned in ceremony, Presented with gifts of rare value, And escorted in luxury, All these things pale when pared to the humble gift of the Tao, offered in silence. Why did the Sages of old value the Tao so much? Because, when you seek, you find And when you sin, you are fiven. That is why the Tao is the greatest treasure of the Universe. 63 Do without doing. Work without forcing. Taste without seasonings. Recognize the Great in the small, And the many in the few. Repay hatred with kindness. Dea with the difficult while it is stil easy. Begin great works while they are small. Certainly the Earth does difficult work with ease, And acplishes great affairs from smal beginnings. So, the Sage, by not striving for greatness, Achieves greatness. A person who makes promises lightly Is not regarded as trustworthy. lIf you think everything is easy, You will find only difficulty. That is why the Sage considers All things difficult And finds nothing too difficult in the end. 64 What is at rest is easy to maintain. What has not yet happened is easy to plan. That which is fragile is easily shattered That which is tiny is easily scattered. Correct problems before they occur. Intervene before chaos erupts. A tree too big around to hug is produced from a tiny sprout. A ninestory tower begins with a mound of dirt. A thousandmile journey begins with your own two feet. Whoever tries will fail. Whoever clutches, loses. Therefore the Sage, not trying, cannot fail Not clutching, she cannot lose. When people try, They usually fail just on the brink of success. If one is as cautious at the outset as at the end, One cannot fail. Therefore the Sage desires nothing so much as to be desireless. She does not value rare and expensive goods. She unlearns what she was once taught And helps the people regain what they have lost。 To help every being assume its natura way of being, And not dare to force anything. 65 In ancient times those who followed the Tao Did not try to educate the people. They chose to let them be. The reason people bee hard to govern Is that they think they know it all. So, if a leader tries to lead through cleverness, He is nothing but a liability. But if a leader leads, not through cleverness, but through goodness, this is a blessing to all. To be always co