【正文】 ting to a training exercise. Using that scenario, draw up a Product Breakdown Structure, a Product Flow Diagram and a preliminary activity work. Training Plan Selected subjects Curriculum Feedback Service Staff Training materials Booked Machine（ PC, Booked Room Course Ware 4 三、 2. P57 ? Illiness。 ? Other mitments interfering with work . familiy, work。 ? Hardware or software facilities not being available when needed。 ? Ambiguity in the assignment speficifcation leadintg to misunderstandings。 ? Lack of understanding of the techniques to be used ? Hostile attitude among stakeholders 3. discounted cash flow better than profit or return on investment？ ? DCF takes more account of the possibility that investment might more profitably be placed elsewhere than the proposed project。 ? Projects where the major benefits are only experienced after several years are not favoured. There is more uncertainty about estimates of ine and costs of the future that you gaze. ? NPV values can be calculated for a number of different feasible interest rates – different projects might be favoured as a result. 5. Details are given below of the estimated ine and outgoings of Projects A. Calculate the return on investment, the payback period and the present value of the project and ment in which appears to be the most attractive. Assume a discount rate of 5% Project A Training Plan Select subjects Training Material Booked Room amp。 Machine feedback Completed training Select Service Staff 5 year ine outgoings cashflow discount rate NPV accum. cashflow 0 120200 120200 1 120200 120200 1 42020 10000 32020 88000 2 47000 10000 37000 51000 3 51000 9000 42020 9000 4 40000 12020 28000 19000 19000 ROI NPV payback % 4 四、 1. A building society has a long history of implementing puterbased information systems to support the work of its branches. It uses a proprietary structured systems analysis and design method. It has been decided to create a puter model of the property market. This would attempt for example to calculate the effect of changes of interest rates on house values. There is some concern that the usual methodology used for IS development would not be appropriate for the new project. (a) Why might there be this concern and what alternative approaches should be considered? (b) Outline a plan for the development of the system which illustrates the application of your preferred methodology for this project. a) With traditional business systems analysis there is usually an existing office procedure that managers are hoping to streamline in some way. There are people who understand the details of the jobs currently done. They can help the analyst draw up precise requirements to be met. There is, in short, a welldefined clerical equivalent of the application that is to be built. With a puter model of the property market there is probably no equivalent of this welldefined clerical model. ? The analysts will therefore have to seek ideas about the working of such a model from a variety of sources. Experts, such as experienced estate agents, may be able to contribute observations, but these are likely to be fragmentary rules of thumb. The academic literature on economic modeling might be studied. ? In the end the analysts will probably have to resort to building a prototype of the model. They will then trial this to see if it behaves in a similar way to the property market. ? There is always the chance that the property market behaves in just too plex and inconsistent manner for a puter model to mimic accurately. All this suggests that the ‘traditional’ IS development approach based on a waterfall framework would be unsuitable. A more iterative prototyping approach is sensible. b) Expanding on the discussion in 1(a), the following is one method of working: ? Define objectives: what does the management of the anization want from the model? ? Survey existing software solutions and the literature on the subject. Has anyone done this already? 6 ? Consult experts. JAD (joint application development) sessions are mentioned in text as one possible approach. There are many other techniques to elicit relevant knowledge from domain experts which should be considered. ? Based on the above draw up an initial prototype design ? Build prototype ? Test it, probably using real data from the recent past。 you can pare the results of the model with what actually happened ? Analyse the causes of discrepancies 差異 。 modify the model and rerun ? Stop this cycle when you run out of time, or are not getting significant improvements ? Carry out a general validation of how accurate the model it is, how easy it is to use – for example is the input data needed easy to collect? ? Write up remendations 3. An invoicing system is to have the following ponents: amend invoice, produce invoice, produce monthly statements, record cash payment, clear paid invoices from database, create customer records, delete customer. (a) What physical dependencies govern the order in which these transactions are implemented? a) Given the data structure above, the order might be: ? Create customer ? Delete customer ? Produce invoice ? Amend invoice ? Payment ? Clear paid invoices ? Produce monthly statements (b) How could the system be broken down into increments which would be of some value to the users (hint – think about the problems of taking existing details onto a database when a system is first implemented). Invoice Customer Payment Statement 7 b) When an application like this is installed, （ 1． 1） careful thought has to go into how the information about exist