【正文】 lating and analyzing large systems and processes．——S 3 A 1 S 3 A 2 S 4A 1 S 4A 2● 快速全員參與變化法Fast Cycle Full Participation Change Methods 快速全員參與變化法不同于傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計組的構(gòu)成，它不是依靠有限的組員的參與，而是通過研討會和社會技術(shù)設(shè)計(socio—echnicalsystemsdesign)相結(jié)合的方法，使得與設(shè)計的流程相關(guān)的所有人員都參與到設(shè)計工作中來。實踐證明通過這種方法，設(shè)計的質(zhì)量得以提高后續(xù)的實施工作的難度也得以降低，縮短了整個項目的實施周期。 (Change Mgr., Creative Thinking)：Rathcr than relying on the traditional design team with limited membership，this method involves as manypeople as possible from the affected area in the design process through a bination of search conference and sociotechnical systems design methods．Experience has shown that quality of the design as well as the ease of subsequent implementation significantly improve，resulting in much less time spent on the project(Pasmore，1994)．S1A1，S 2A 1，S4A1，S 4A 3● 10X技術(shù)(10X technique) 這是Andersen咨詢公司進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)流程重組時確定重組目標(biāo)的一種方法。此目標(biāo)是為了在企業(yè)范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行BPR時，以最好標(biāo)桿的十分之一為重組目標(biāo)。The objective is to restructure the process to e within ten percent of the best practice (benchmark) within the industry.● 基于活動的成本分析(Activity based cost) 通過確定產(chǎn)生成本的各種因子來分析每個流程和其子流程如何消耗各種資源的。 (This technique determines how a process and its subprocesses consume resources by identifying cost drivers to activities)● 聯(lián)姻圖(Affinity Diagramming) 將運(yùn)用頭腦風(fēng)暴法形成的意見進(jìn)行分類與歸集，運(yùn)用圖表的方式表示出各分類組內(nèi)部與相互之間的關(guān)系。(Creative Thinking)：Sorts ideas generated from brainstorming into groups． Diarams relationships within and between groupings．——S 4 A 1● 前提假設(shè)暴露法(Assumption Surfacing) 這種技術(shù)著眼于戰(zhàn)略問題的解決，它將問題看做是某種政策下的假設(shè)，而不是直接 去分析某一個政策。 (Mitroff, et. al., 1979)。這種技術(shù)中的典型問題是：一般應(yīng)該選擇何種假設(shè)以及做出這種選擇的出發(fā)點(diǎn)?它對做出其他假設(shè)的影響?所選擇的政策在其他假設(shè)下是否能夠站的住腳，是否具有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性?this technique treats the problem as one of examining assumptions underlying a policy rather than formulating and testing specific policies (Mitroff, et. al.,1979)．Typical questions raised include：What assumptions have been traditionally held and why? What is the cffect of making other assumptions? Can apolicy standup to other assumptions；can it tolerate them? etc．● 審計(Auditing) 通過一些審計的手段，如取樣、追查等來考察業(yè)務(wù)流程的可靠性和集成性。(Measurement)： Investigates the reliability and integrity of a business process through sampling，trails，and other auditing methods．——S 6 A 1● 設(shè)立標(biāo)桿(Benchmarking) Benchmarking嚴(yán)格來講，并不是一種新的技術(shù)性方法。所謂標(biāo)桿瞄準(zhǔn)是指在公司，企業(yè)或全球性的集團(tuán)公司內(nèi)調(diào)查現(xiàn)有流程的績效情況，并且與業(yè)界內(nèi)其它的成功典范進(jìn)行比較，從而找出差距。業(yè)務(wù)流程重組中進(jìn)行標(biāo)桿瞄準(zhǔn)是為了使可改進(jìn)或需要改進(jìn)的流程凸現(xiàn)出來?！? 行為建模訓(xùn)練法(Behavioral Modeling Training Method) 這種方法是將探索式訓(xùn)練方法(ETM)同傳統(tǒng)的基于講座的教育方式相結(jié)合(比較有利于實際知識的學(xué)習(xí))，從而完成任務(wù)。 This method seeks to bine the traditional lecturebased instruction method，which maybc more appropriate forfactual kn(3wledge，andETM(Exploratory Training Method)(Ocover procedural tasks．● 預(yù)算(Budgeting) 在做BPR項目計劃時，運(yùn)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的預(yù)算方法進(jìn)行財務(wù)和人力資源的預(yù)算。 During BPR project planning，a budget for financial and human resources for the pr叫eot can be prepared using standard budgeting techniques．——S 2A 3● 競爭分析(Competitive Analysis) 對競爭對手的實力、本公司的優(yōu)勢和劣勢進(jìn)行分析， 從而制定公司的競爭策略。(Business Planning)：Analyzes the capabilities of petitors and the pany39。s strengths and weaknesses，leading to a fornmlation of the pany39。s petitive strategies．——S 1 A 2● 文化評估分析(Cultural Assessment Analysis) 研究與重新設(shè)計的流程相關(guān)的新的價值和獎勵體系會對需要維護(hù)的人員關(guān)系的平衡有何影響，或如何改變組織文化(具體表現(xiàn)在員工的共同價值體現(xiàn)和信念上)。A study on how the new values and reward structure associated with the redesigned proccss will affect the balance of relationships needed to maintain or change the organization39。s culture as embodied in the sharedvalues andbeliefs among its members．——S 1 A 1 S 4A 3，S 5 A 1● 計算機(jī)輔助軟件工程(Computer Aided Software Engineering) 計算機(jī)輔助軟件工程是一套方法和工具，可使系統(tǒng)開發(fā)商規(guī)定企業(yè)和應(yīng)用規(guī)則，并由計算機(jī)自動生成合適的計算機(jī)程序。CASE工具分成“高級”CASE和“低級”CASE。高級CASE工具用來繪制企業(yè)模型以及規(guī)定應(yīng)用要求，低級CASE工具用來生成實際的程序代碼。CASE工具和技術(shù)可提高系統(tǒng)分析和程序員生產(chǎn)率。重要的交付技術(shù)包括應(yīng)用生成程序、前端開發(fā)過程面向圖形的自動化、配置和管理系統(tǒng)以及壽命周期分析工具。在系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的生命周期各個階段，支持各個活動的運(yùn)作或使其自動化。是基于計算機(jī)的系統(tǒng)工具，它能夠輔助系統(tǒng)開發(fā)過程中的多個階段的活動，或使其動化。 (IS SAD)：A system of puterbased tools that assist or automate the activities in various stages of the systems development life cycle．——S 4 A 4 S 3 A 1 S 3 A 2 S 4A 1● 成本／效益／風(fēng)險分析(Cost／Benefit／Risk Analysis) 預(yù)測重新設(shè)計的流程的預(yù)計成本與效益，并且分析可能妨礙效益實現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險因素。(Dusiness Planning)：Assesses the expected cost and anticipated benefits of the redesigned process and analyzes riskfactors that mayprevent the realization of the benefits．一S 1 A 4 S 2 A 5● 關(guān)鍵事件技術(shù)(critical Incident Technique) 由專家形成一份說明工作中有效與無效動作的列表清單。然后按對績效的重要程度對列表內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分類。 (OrgAnalysis，ChangeMgt.)：Experts pile a list of behaviors that represent effectivetive or ineffective performance on the job. The list is then sorted into cagegories based different degrees of critical importance to performance．● 因果圖(CognitiveMapping) 利用圖表表示因果關(guān)系，決策的制定者可以通過給定環(huán)境中的各種因素感覺到這種因果關(guān)系。Graphically represents the causal relationships which are perceived by the decision makers to exist among the elements of a given environment. 通過‘‘燃燒的橋”、平行處理或者其他的方法將現(xiàn)有的系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)化為新的系統(tǒng)。(ISSAD)：Include burningbridge，parallel operation and other methods for cutting the current system over to a new system● 核心流程分析(Core Process Analysis) 由麥肯錫公司的Ostrolf和Smith發(fā)明的一種技術(shù)，用以識別決定企業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢的跨職能的業(yè)務(wù)流 程。(Business Planning)：A technique developed by Ostroff and Smith (1992) of McKinsey Co., Inc．for identifYing the few cross—functional business processes that determine the Competitive success of the firm．● 關(guān)鍵成功因子法(Critical Success Factors) 由Jack Rockart(1979)提出的一種方法，要求從企業(yè)主管那里總結(jié)出一些關(guān)鍵因子，這些因子必須得以持續(xù)的監(jiān)控才能使企業(yè)最終取得成功。 (Business Planning)：A method developedbyJack Nockart(1979) to clicit from chief executives those factors that must be continuously monitored in order for the firm to succeed． ● 項目計劃技術(shù)(Project Scheduling Technique) 通過廣泛使用的技術(shù)如PERT圖、關(guān)鍵路徑法(CPM)、甘特圖來計劃、控制和管理項目 (Proj. Mgr.)：These include widely used techniques such as PERT，CPM and Gannt Charting for scheduling，controlling and managing a 2A 3● 魚骨分析(Fishbone Analysis) 魚骨分析是分析診斷階段常用的代表性技術(shù)。在設(shè)計新流程之前，項目小組需要對現(xiàn)有流程存在的問題及其原因進(jìn)行分析，魚骨圖可以清楚地表達(dá)某種結(jié)果和可能的原因之間的關(guān)系。 (Prob．Solving)：A graphical tool using diagram in the shape of a fishbone for analyzing