【正文】 (IS SAD)：Attempts to specify the logical and physical structures of a database in terms of entities，attributes， relationships，access paths，etc．——S 4A 4●信息系統(tǒng)原型法(IS Prototyping) 這種方法通過開發(fā)一個(gè)簡單版本的信息系統(tǒng)，使用戶能夠達(dá)到調(diào)整他們信息需求的目的。——S 4A 4 (IS SAD)：Developed by James Martin(1990) to systematically integrate business models in developinga stable architectural foundation for an organization39?；趫F(tuán)隊(duì)管理的技術(shù)依靠多種技術(shù)的共同運(yùn)用來提高團(tuán)隊(duì)績效。有三種典型的工作流：基于事件的、日常的、特別的。隨后，利用系統(tǒng)的思想，需要建立“應(yīng)有的”流程可選擇概念模型，以進(jìn)行自由分析。比較典型的運(yùn)用這種方法的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)是Mumford(1994)建立的“9步道德規(guī)范法”。 Model)：The technique represents the concepts of role，action，interaction, event，state，case，decision and parxuelism in easytounderstand diagrammatic notations. (Spurr et al., 1994)——S 3A1 S 4A1 ●崗位設(shè)計(jì)(Job Design) 通過整合每個(gè)崗位的工作內(nèi)容、條件、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制從而達(dá)到員工、技術(shù)、流程有效結(jié)合的技術(shù)。 Model)：A technique developedbyT．Winograd and (1986) tomodel organizational workfiow using the metaphor of speechaction．Instead of viewing coordination as tasks or information flows between tasks，coordination is defined by the language acts through which people coordinate。 不同于將協(xié)同看作是任務(wù)或任務(wù)之間的信息流，協(xié)同通過人們的語言行為來得以定義。 ——S 2 A 4 S 3 A 1 S 6 A 1 (Customer Requirements，Prob．Solving)：This interview technique is used when an interviewer39。測量工具應(yīng)該能夠產(chǎn)生比較客觀的答案。這些子目標(biāo)為在多種決策中進(jìn)行全面評分選擇提供了基礎(chǔ)。這種方法著眼點(diǎn)在于： 如何通過讓白領(lǐng)階層經(jīng)常從事高價(jià)值工作，并利用IT技術(shù)和流程改進(jìn)技術(shù)來提高員工的工作效率。——S 1 A 2(Business Planning)：Asproposed by Porter amp。——S1A 2 (Business Planning)：Atop—down，prehensive IS planning methodology developed by IBM (1984)．It centers around data and business processes and seeks to build a stable data architecture for thebusiness．——S 1 A 2●Delphi技術(shù)(Delphi Technique)群體會議上容易產(chǎn)生的被主流意見所引導(dǎo)，而不能冷靜認(rèn)識問題的現(xiàn)象，為了消除這個(gè)現(xiàn)象，通過向 小組中專家發(fā)放調(diào)查表的形式來達(dá)到意見的最終統(tǒng)一。 (Prototype amp。(Business Plan., Change，Mgt.)：Search conferences bring all stakeholders into the sameroom to panicipate in a process of dehning both the need for change and how changcs should be achieved．All levels and functions related to aprocess are typically represented including customers，shareholders and suppliers．(Pasmore，1994)．——S 1 A 1 S 2A1●技能儲備分析(Skills Inventory Analysis)技能儲備用來跟蹤職員的工作資歷、教育程度和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。一般來講，流程的優(yōu)先矩陣圖如下： 由企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層(可以咨詢公司輔助參與)確定了決定企業(yè)成功與否的關(guān)鍵成功因子(CSF)，和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些成功關(guān)鍵因子的企業(yè)基本流程(essential process，矩陣中以E表示)，以及值的得做的流程(desirable process，矩陣中的D)，就可以通過矩陣表示流程和CSF之間的關(guān)系。 A class of (rather than a specific) techniques for chieving overall success in quality management，including techniques such as Quality Function Deployment，Statistical Quality Control and Fishbone Analysis．——S6A2● 崗位分析(Job Analysis) 通過收集任務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)、行為數(shù)據(jù)、能力數(shù)據(jù)對特定的崗位特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析的系統(tǒng)流程。 Model，ISSAD)：Graphicany depicts the flow Of data among external entitles，internal processing steps and data storage elements．一S 3 A 1 S 4A 1 S 4A 2 S 4 A 4● 過程流圖(Process Flowcharting) 用來描述業(yè)務(wù)流程活動(dòng)的典型的流程符號和方法。● 資訊控制網(wǎng)(Information Control) 一種用于分析同力、公程序相關(guān)的通信模式及控制結(jié)構(gòu)的圖形工具。有利于我們綜合考慮問題，看到潛在的問題。這些特征也象顧客的需求一樣進(jìn)行合并，所不同的是產(chǎn)品特性的術(shù)語更多反映的是工程上的特性。對顧客的每一個(gè)需求，根據(jù)客戶意見將公司X的流程性能和競爭者A和B進(jìn)行比較(原本是用產(chǎn)品X的性能和競爭者的產(chǎn)品A和B進(jìn)行比較)。這部分用顧客的屬于列出對顧客重要的屬性。一系列的“房屋”能夠?qū)⒖蛻粜枨筠D(zhuǎn)化為流程執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 (Prob．Solving)：Based on the Pareto principle that a few causes often account for most of the effect. The diagram graphically represents problem causes which are ranked in descending order of destructiveness and indicates which causes should be targeted．——S 3 A 2 S 6 A1● 黑箱思考(Outof Box Thinking) 由Michacl Hammer倡導(dǎo)的創(chuàng)造性技術(shù)，他提倡將業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)營規(guī)范從頭開始進(jìn)行再思考。下圖為魚骨分析的示意圖。它通過“脊骨”及其兩側(cè)的“大、中、小”骨，層層展示了失效、故障的因果關(guān)系。(Business Planning)：A technique developed by Ostroff and Smith (1992) of McKinsey Co., Inc．for identifYing the few cross—functional business processes that determine the Competitive success of the firm．● 關(guān)鍵成功因子法(Critical Success Factors) 由Jack Rockart(1979)提出的一種方法，要求從企業(yè)主管那里總結(jié)出一些關(guān)鍵因子，這些因子必須得以持續(xù)的監(jiān)控才能使企業(yè)最終取得成功。Analysis，ChangeMgt.)：Experts pile a list of behaviors that represent effectivetive or ineffective performance on the job. The list is then sorted into cagegories based different degrees of critical importance to performance．● 因果圖(CognitiveMapping) 利用圖表表示因果關(guān)系，決策的制定者可以通過給定環(huán)境中的各種因素感覺到這種因果關(guān)系。 (IS SAD)：A system of puterbased tools that assist or automate the activities in various stages of the systems development life cycle．——S 4 A 4 S 3 A 1 S 3 A 2 S 4A 1● 成本／效益／風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析(Cost／Benefit／Risk Analysis) 預(yù)測重新設(shè)計(jì)的流程的預(yù)計(jì)成本與效益，并且分析可能妨礙效益實(shí)現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。CASE工具和技術(shù)可提高系統(tǒng)分析和程序員生產(chǎn)率。A study on how the new values and reward structure associated with the redesigned proccss will affect the balance of relationships needed to maintain or change the organization39。 During BPR project planning，a budget for financial and human resources for the pr叫eot can be prepared using standard budgeting techniques．——S 2A 3● 競爭分析(Competitive Analysis) 對競爭對手的實(shí)力、本公司的優(yōu)勢和劣勢進(jìn)行分析， 從而制定公司的競爭策略。所謂標(biāo)桿瞄準(zhǔn)是指在公司，企業(yè)或全球性的集團(tuán)公司內(nèi)調(diào)查現(xiàn)有流程的績效情況，并且與業(yè)界內(nèi)其它的成功典范進(jìn)行比較，從而找出差距。(Creative Thinking)：Sorts ideas generated from brainstorming into groups． Diarams relationships within and between groupings．——S 4 A 1● 前提假設(shè)暴露法(Assumption Surfacing) 這種技術(shù)著眼于戰(zhàn)略問題的解決，它將問題看做是某種政策下的假設(shè)，而不是直接 去分析某一個(gè)政策。 (Change Mgr., Creative Thinking)：Rathcr than relying on the traditional design team with limited membership，this method involves as manypeople as possible from the affected area in the design process through a bination of search conference and sociotechnical systems design methods．Experience has shown that quality of the design as well as the ease of subsequent implementation significantly improve，resulting in much less time spent on the project(Pasmore，1994)．S1A1，S 2A 1，S4A1，S 4A 3● 10X技術(shù)(10X technique) 這是Andersen咨詢公司進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)流程重組時(shí)確定重組目標(biāo)的一種方法。 (Capture amp?！猄 4A 4 (IS SAD)：IDEF 1 is the datamodeling module using the entity relationship diagramming 1x is a version of IDEF specifically aimed at designing traditional relational databases．IDEF 4 deals with objectoriented data modeling. IDEF 5 provides a