a-brief-history-of-english-文庫吧
2025-06-13 10:58 本頁面
【正文】 9。s great acplishment was his successful opposition to the Viking invasions. The linguistic result was a considerable injection of Norse into the English language. Norse was at this time not so different from English as Norwegian or Danish is now. Probably speakers of English could understand, more or less, the language of the newers who had moved into eastern England. At any rate, there was considerable interchange and word borrowing. Examples of Norse words in the English language are sky, give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, sly, crawl, scowl, take, and thrust. There are hundreds more. We have even borrowed some pronouns from Norse they, their, and them.在軍事領(lǐng)域，阿爾弗烈德大帝最大的成就是成功抵抗了北歐海盜的入侵，結(jié)果造成了古挪威語大量進入英語。當時的挪威語與英語比較接近，就像今天的挪威語和丹麥語一樣。以英語為母語的人或多或少能聽懂來到英格蘭東部定居的新鄰居使用的語言。來自古挪威語的英語單詞多達幾百個，包括sky, give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, sky, crawl, scowl, take, thrust。甚至有些代詞也是來源于古挪威語的，如they, their和them。In grammar, Old English was, much more highly inflected than modern English is. That is, there were mote case endings for nouns, more person and number endings for verbs, a more plicated pronoun system, various endings for adjectives, and so on. Old English nouns had four casesnominative, gen1tive, dative， accusative .Adjectives had five – all these and an instrumental case besides. Presentday English has only two cases for nouns – mon case and possessive case. Adjectives now have no case system at all. On the other hand, we now use a more rigid, word order and more structure words to express relationships than Old English did.在語法上，古英語的曲折變化遠遠多于現(xiàn)代英語。古英語的名詞有四種格變化，即主格，所有格，與格和賓語；形容詞有五種格變化，除了以上四種還有工具格。而現(xiàn)代英語中，名詞只有兩種格變化，即普通格和所有格；形容詞不再有格的變化。而另一方面，與古英語相比，現(xiàn)代英語使用更為嚴格的語序和豐富的結(jié)構(gòu)詞來表示句子成分之間的關(guān)系。In vocabulary old English is quite different from Modern English. Most of the Old English words are what we may call native English: that is, words which have not been borrowed from other languages but which have been a part of English ever since English was a part of IndoEuropean1. Old English did certainly contain borrowed words. We have seen that many borrowings were ing in from Norse. Rather large numbers had been borrowed from Latin: cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, angel, candle, priest, martyr, radish, oyster, purple, school, spend, and so on. But the great n1ajority of Old English words were native only about 14 percent are native. 在詞匯上，古英語也與現(xiàn)代英語有諸多不同之處。古英語中的絕大多數(shù)單詞如今被稱為英語本土詞，即自英語作為印歐語言的一部分起就存在的，而不是從其他語言引入的詞匯。雖然古英語中也有一些外來詞，除了古挪威語之外，還有不少詞來自于拉丁語，如cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, angel, candle, priest, martyr, radish, oyster, purple, school, spend等。但是古
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