a-brief-history-of-english-文庫吧資料
2025-07-04 10:58本頁面
【正文】 continued and continues still – to be a zealously cultivated second language, the mirror of elegance and civilization. When one spoke English, one introduced not only French ideas and French things but also their French names. This was not only easy but socially useful. To pepper one’s conversation with French expressions was to show that one was wellbred, elegant, au courant. The last sentence shows that the process is not yet dead. By using au courant instead of, say, abreast of things, the writer indicates that he is no dull clod who knows only English but an elegant person aware of how things are done in le haut monde.雖然英語作為民族語言被保留了下來，諾曼底征服仍然對其產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響，這種影響在詞匯領域最為明顯。法語成為了宮廷語言，貴族語言，政治語言和文學語言，但是并沒有取代英語成為普通民眾日常使用的語言。在此后的幾個世紀中，英格蘭一直處于法蘭西國王的統(tǒng)治下。這些變化是由一個歷史上稱為諾曼底征服的政治事件造成的。但是古英語的主體是英語本土詞，而這些詞只占現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的百分之十四。古英語中的絕大多數(shù)單詞如今被稱為英語本土詞，即自英語作為印歐語言的一部分起就存在的，而不是從其他語言引入的詞匯。而另一方面，與古英語相比，現(xiàn)代英語使用更為嚴格的語序和豐富的結構詞來表示句子成分之間的關系。古英語的名詞有四種格變化，即主格，所有格，與格和賓語；形容詞有五種格變化，除了以上四種還有工具格。甚至有些代詞也是來源于古挪威語的，如they, their和them。以英語為母語的人或多或少能聽懂來到英格蘭東部定居的新鄰居使用的語言。s great acplishment was his successful opposition to the Viking invasions. The linguistic result was a considerable injection of Norse into the English language. Norse was at this time not so different from English as Norwegian or Danish is now. Probably speakers of English could understand, more or less, the language of the newers who had moved into eastern England. At any rate, there was considerable interchange and word borrowing. Examples of Norse words in the English language are sky, give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, sly, crawl, scowl, take, and thrust. There are hundreds more. We have even borrowed some pronouns from Norse they, their, and them.在軍事領域，阿爾弗烈德大帝最大的成就是成功抵抗了北歐海盜的入侵，結果造成了古挪威語大量進入英語。他出資建校，而且親自動筆或請人將許多拉丁語的書籍翻譯成英語。公元六世紀，最強大的王國是諾森伯里亞。When England came into history, it was divided into several more or less autonomous kingdoms, some of which at times exercised a certain amount of control over the others. In the sixth century the most advanced kingdom was Northurnbria. Two centuries later, Wessex, the country of the West Saxons, became the leading power. The most famous king of the West Saxons was Alfred the Great, who was famous not only as a military man and adm1n1strator but also as a champion of learning. He founded and supported schools ar1d translated or caused to be translated many books from Latin into English.根據(jù)最早的歷史記載，當時的英格蘭被分裂為幾個享有一定自治權利的王國。 Modern English from 1500 to the present day.我們習慣上把英語的發(fā)展分為三個時期：古英語，中世紀英語和現(xiàn)代英語。It is customary to divide the history of the English, languag
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