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【正文】 e into three periods: Old English, Middle English, Modern English. Old English runs from the earliest records i. e. seventh century to about 1100。到了公元550年前后，盎格魯撒克遜人才定居下來(lái)。但是據(jù)我們所知，在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)他們?yōu)樽孕l(wèi)而戰(zhàn)。這些后來(lái)遷移到英格蘭的部落被稱為盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人，現(xiàn)在則被統(tǒng)稱為盎格魯撒克遜人。At the time of the Ro1nan Empire, the speakers of what was to bee English were scattered along the northern coast of Europe. They spoke a dialect of Low German. More exactly, they spoke several different dialects, since they were several different tribes. The names given to the tribes who got to England are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who are referred to collectively as AngloSaxons4.在羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期，散居在歐洲北部沿海的居民說(shuō)一種西部德語(yǔ)的方言，這就是英語(yǔ)的前身。A Brief History of EnglishNo understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a notion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and plicated, and we can only hit the higl1 spots.不了解英語(yǔ)的歷史很難真正掌握這門語(yǔ)言，然而對(duì)此我們只能做到略有所知。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的歷史既漫長(zhǎng)又復(fù)雜，我們只能抓住其發(fā)展過(guò)程中的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。更確切地說(shuō)，由于隸屬于不同的部落，他們說(shuō)的是幾種不同的方言。Not much is known about the arrival of the AngloSaxons in England. We do know, however, that the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes were a long time securing themselves in England. Fighting went on for as long as a hundred years before the Celts in England were all killed, driven into Wales, or reduced to slavery. By 550 or so the AngloSaxons were firmly established. English was in England.這些部落何時(shí)遷移到英格蘭的，我們沒(méi)有掌握確切信息。與凱爾特人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了一百多年，直到英格蘭境內(nèi)的凱爾特人不是被殺，就是被迫流亡到威爾士或淪為奴隸。英語(yǔ)從此來(lái)到了英格蘭。 Middle English from 1100 to 1450 or 1500。古英語(yǔ)時(shí)期從最早的歷史記載即公元七世紀(jì)到1100年；中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)時(shí)期從1100年到1450或1500年；現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)時(shí)期從1500年至今。在一定時(shí)期，其中的某一個(gè)王國(guó)對(duì)其他王國(guó)實(shí)行一定的統(tǒng)治。兩個(gè)世紀(jì)之后，由西撒克遜人建立的威塞克斯王國(guó)成為了領(lǐng)袖，其最富盛名的國(guó)王叫阿爾弗烈德大帝，他不僅是一個(gè)卓越的軍事家和管理者，還是個(gè)大學(xué)問(wèn)家。In the military sphere, Alfred39。當(dāng)時(shí)的挪威語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)比較接近，就像今天的挪威語(yǔ)和丹麥語(yǔ)一樣。來(lái)自古挪威語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)單詞多達(dá)幾百個(gè)，包括sky, give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, sky, crawl, scowl, take, thrust。In grammar, Old English was, much more highly inflected than modern English is. That is, there were mote case endings for nouns, more person and number endings for verbs, a more plicated pronoun system, various endings for adjectives, and so on. Old English nouns had four casesnominative, gen1tive, dative， accusative .Adjectives had five – all these and an instrumental case besides. Presentday English has only two cases for nouns – mon case and possessive case. Adjectives now have no case system at all. On the other hand, we now use a more rigid, word order and more structure words to express relationships than Old English did.在語(yǔ)法上，古英語(yǔ)的曲折變化遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)。而現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，名詞只有兩種格變化，即普通格和所有格；形容詞不
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