【正文】 nothing about the cultural difference, the American studentputs himself in an embarrassing situation.Case 13:We and They?This case reflects that in intercultural munication, people always regard themselves as thebest group in the world. This is actually inappropriate and should be avoided.Case 14:Perception of WarThis case can reflect different cultures can give different influences on human perception.People can have very different perceptions even on the same object or phenomenon because theyhave different cultures and are living in the different social realities. In this case, Jim and Olgahave very different attitudes and perceptions towards historical events because their nations’different experiences and histories.Case 15:Observations on a SoldierThis case can reflect the basic model of human perception. Human being is equipped to sensethe outside stimuli and perceive the outside world. And the perception follows a certainmodel—after being gained through the five basic senses, information is processed throughselection, organization and interpretation. In this case, Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft didobservations on the soldier according to the basic model of human perception. They selected someuseful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses,organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it.Case 16:Different Responses to NoiseThis case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two ofpeople can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they e from different cultures.Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it isvery mon for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case,the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise producedby the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.Case 17:What Is Black?This case can reflect we have some barriers to accurate perception in interculturalmunication. We have the ability to perceive the outside world, but we cannot always get theaccurate perceptions, especially when we do the perception on other cultures, we often give theinaccurate and negative perceptions. In this case, on discussing the impersonal color “black”, wegive so many bad and negative meanings while black pupils can give some objective descriptionsand associations about the color. The barriers can include ignoring details, overgeneralizing,holding on to preconceptions and stereotypes imposing consistency, preconnecting causes and effects,preferring simple explanations, ignoring circumstances, crediting irrelevant information and focusing onthe negative.Case 18:Are Perceptions Always Right?This case can reflect our perceptions on outside world are not always right, especially whenwe do perceptions on other cultures. We usually perceive others according to our own culture.This can lead to ineffective intercultural munication. In this case Pat and Chris gaveinaccurate and negative perceptions on Akira and Michiko just because of theirIrresponsible judgment and they also gave pletely positive perceptions on Marie just becauseof their simple expectations. In order to avoid the inaccurate perceptions, we need some skills,including increase your understanding of the perceptual process。 increase your observational acuity。recognize the elements to which you attribute meaning。 check your perceptions。 increase your Awarenessof perceptual inaccuracies and pensate for them 。increase your awareness of others’ perceptionsof you。 and develop social decentering, empathy, and otherorientation.Case 20:Chinese Hospitality — OverdoneThis case reflects that sometimes people unconsciously assume that people from anotherculture may behave in a way which is similar to theirs. The Chinese usually attach a lot ofimportance to taking care of their guests. When it es to a foreign visitor, Chinese hospitality isusually more than what can be understood by a Westerner, who is unfortable when he isalways surrounded by people attempting to be kind. Concerning this case, Hong tried to respecther traditions and her friend by doing more than she could really afford to do for Joe39。s visit, havingno idea that Joe ended up feeling frustrated.Case 21:A Danish Woman in New YorkThis case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When municating withpeople from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and toassume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danishwoman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is mon in Denmark, is alsoappropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is alsoindisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.Case 22:Ambiguous TimeThis case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures train their members to use the categories oftheir own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures. Theywill believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role modelfor the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Chinese people have habitually referred12:00 . as the time around lunchtime, making 12 : 00 . midnight. Fortunately, the way theytell other times are the same as that used in the States, so there39。s usually no misunderstandingbetween people from the two cultures. However, there is this one difference and Fan learns it bypaying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world.Case 23:GirlnessThis case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence,which refers to abstract ide