【正文】 and potatoes were eaten less.” ?3) Culture is subject to change 4) Culture is transmitted from generation to generation 5) Culture is based on symbols 6) Culture is integrated 7) Culture is adaptive (acculturation) Linell Davis: five metaphors (to be more easily understood) ?Culture is like an iceberg some is visible (history, literature, customs) most is invisible (feelings and attitudes) ?Culture is our software physical selves as the hardware, bee human when other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R10 programmed with the software of culture ?Culture is like the water a fish swims in notice everything except the water ?Culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves people tell stories to tell who they are and stories also change to adapt to changing circumstances ?Culture is the grammar of our behavior people learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply them automatically in order to behave appropriately in any society Responses to Other Cultures ?The more we know about other cultures, the more we will know about our own . Then we can begin to explain why people from different cultures behave the way they do in business situations. Their behavior will differ even if their workplace is in the same culture.(P13) ?Most businesspeople want to act appropriately and to avoid offending their counterparts in foreign countries. They want to know the buttons to push to motivate people in other cultures, if only for 11 the sake of making a sale. (P14) Mc Donald‘s ?It has more outlets worldwide than in the United States, It operates in 118 countries, and a new Mc Donald‘s opens somewhere every 17 hours_ beacuse it practices a localized approach. Mc Donald‘s succeeds because it offers what local people want . That means being sensitive to the cultural needs of the immediate market. McDonald39。s menu around the world: ?Norway: This is a favorite fish of the country, the local McDonald39。s have a dedicated McLaks (a kind of baked fish sandwich). ?Germany: Germany39。s bestknown then what diet? Of course, beer! Therefore, in Germany, McDonald39。s shop, was able to buy beer ... ?Canada: In Canada, parts of the store there will be a McDonald39。s lobster rolls, in France there is a large piece of bread with meat inside the sandwich package volume other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R12 ?Japan: McDonald39。s restaurant in Japan, you can buy shrimp fort, there is a mixture of mashed potatoes, vegetables, sauces to sandwiches, there is a shrimp blocks. ?Chile: In Chile, you can refuse to have added on your hamburger or a salad of tomato sauce, but the use of a local fruit juice to replace. ?Costa Rica: Here you can buy a McDonald39。s blend of rice and beans for food. ?Greece: In Greece, McDonald39。s, you can eat a feature of local snacks: pita bread ?Hong Kong: McDonald39。s menu here, there is a special Hamburg: Hamburg skin is made from two pieces of sticky rice, rather than two pieces of thin bread. ?Israel: McDonald39。s here, you do not see any folders with cheese sandwiches, because the local ban instead of a bread roll. ? Uruguay: here, there is a McDonald39。s hamburger like ordinary food, in Hamburg, more than a fried egg on top. 13 Mainstream culture, coculture or subculture? ?When we talk about culture, we mainly refer to mainstream culture. ?Coculture Vs subculture 2. What is Communication? ?It es from the Latin word ―municare‖, it means to give or to exchange. Now, the most mon meaning of ―munication‖ is to give or exchange information or ideas. ?Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human contact) ?Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. () Elements of munication ?Context ?Participants ?Messages (meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding) ?Channels other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R14 ?Noise (external noise, internal noise, semantic noise) ?feedback Linear Model of Communication Characteristics of munication ?1) Communication is dynamic Characteristics of munication 2) Communication is interactive ?A interactive view holds that municators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations. Characteristics of munication ?3) Communication is irreversible 15 Characteristics of munication ?4) Communication is contextual. 6. Intercultural Communication ?Samovar amp。 Porter Intercultural munication is munication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the munication event. intercultural munication refers to any munication between two members of any cultural munities. Intercultural Communication Vs Crosscultural Communication ?Crosscultural munication the similarities and differences in value orientations, affective dispositions, relationship management, municative styles (psychological process) ?Intercultural munication the peration by a member of one culture into another culture (practical significance) Forms of Intercultural Communication ?International munication other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R16 ?Interracial munication ?Interethnic munication ?Intracultural munication a. International munication b. Interracial munication c. Interethnic munication d. Intracultural munication Discussion: Discuss the following cases of munication and decide to what extent they are intercultural. Communication between ?A Chinese and an American, ?A Canadian and a South African, ?A male and a female ?A