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g of Farm Livestock is Foremost in the Eyes of Farm Owners. Since the Forefathers of the Farm Owners Trained the Farm Hands for First Class Farms in the Fatherly Handling of Farm Livestock, the Farm Owners Feel they should carry on with the Family Tradition of Training Farm Hands of First Class Farmers in the Fatherly Handling of Farm Livestock Because they Believe it is the Basis of Good Fundamental Farm Management. 17 six sigma Elements of variation, the 6 M’s 造成變差的因素 – 6M M M a n u fa c t u r i n g 制造過程M a n O p e r a to r 操作員M a c h i n e P u n c h 凸模M e th o d S O P 39。 s 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作規(guī)程M a te r i a l A l u m i n u m 鋁M e a s u r e m e n t B e a d d i a m e te r 鋼珠直徑M o th e r N a tu r e T e m p e r a tu r e 溫度Variation exists Everywhere 變差存在于任何過程 ! M Administration管理過程 Man Finance analyst財務(wù)分析員 Machine Computer電腦 Method Data entering sequence數(shù)據(jù)輸入次序 Material Information數(shù)據(jù)信息 Measurement Errors per page 每頁出錯率 Mother Nature Lightning照明條件 What causes Variation? 什么原因造成變差 ? 18 six sigma Given a distribution function which approximates the histogram of a process which displays a reasonable degree of statistical control 提供一個模擬過程中直方圖的狀態(tài)分布圖 , 便于作合理的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)理控制 : ? The parameter which will be used to characterize “process location” is called the mean (m) of f(x)“過程位置 ” 特性參數(shù)稱為過程 f(x)的 均值 (m). ? The parameter which will be used to characterize “process dispersion” is called the standard deviation (s) of f(x)“過程的散布 ” 特性參數(shù)稱為過程 f(x)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差 (s). Six Sigma Focuses on Variation Reduction 6西格瑪關(guān)注于減小差異 Leverage variables which control the Mean控制均值的杠桿變量 m Leverage variables which control the Standard Deviation 控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差的杠桿變量 s Scale of Y Y的大小 Y = f ( X 1 , ... , X N )f (X) Y= The focus of 6s 19 six sigma Exercise(練習(xí) ) As a class discuss the techniques that might apply to the following situations(討論遇到下列問題時所運(yùn)用的工具 ): ? Understand variation in purchasing process(理解采購過程中的差異 ) ? Identify reason why part A from line X is defective and the same part produced on line Y is not defective(找出生產(chǎn)同一產(chǎn)品 , 在生產(chǎn)線 X出現(xiàn)不良品而在生產(chǎn)線 Y不出現(xiàn)不良品的原因 ) ? Reduce ppm levels in part number B(降低部件 B的 PPM) ? Make part number C less sensitive to environmental conditions(使部件 C 對于環(huán)境條件的敏感度降低 ) 20 six sigma Hidden Costs of Variation 差異的隱含成本 Inspection/Test檢驗(yàn) /測試 Expediting 渠道的暢通 Increased Cycle Times不斷增加的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)周期時間 Scrap 報廢 Rework 返工 Rejects 拒收 Warranty 售后質(zhì)量保證 Maintenance and Service 維修及服務(wù) Cost to Customer 客戶成本 Additional labor hours 附加的人工 Lost Sales 銷售損失 Variation has both hidden and visible costs associated with it 過程差異會產(chǎn)生連帶的可見和隱含成本 Quality Audits 質(zhì)量監(jiān)督 Excess Inventory 庫存積壓 Improvement program costs改善的成本 Lost Customer Loyalty喪失客戶信任度 Vendor Control 供應(yīng)商控制 % of COQ 15% of COQ 21 six sigma Target Customer Specification 1s 2s 3s A 3s process because 3 standard deviations fit between target and spec 3s Defects! Target Customer Specification Before After 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 6s ! No Defects! By Reducing Variability, We Can Make a Robust Product or Process 22 six sigma Green Belt ? Receives one week of training ? Completes one project ? Focused on DMAIC ? Part time team member 綠帶: 綠帶是黑帶項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員或較小項(xiàng)目的團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人,他們接受六西格瑪技術(shù) 培訓(xùn)的項(xiàng)目與黑帶類似,但內(nèi)容所達(dá)層次略低。一些實(shí)施六西格瑪?shù)钠髽I(yè),很 大比例的員工都接受過綠帶培訓(xùn),他們的作用是把六西格瑪?shù)男赂拍詈凸ぞ邘? 到企業(yè)的日?;顒又腥?。,當(dāng)綠帶作為項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人完成綠帶項(xiàng)目時,也應(yīng) 具有黑帶在項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人方面的職責(zé)、權(quán)限和技能。 6sigma的角色和作用 23 six sigma Black Belt ? Receives Four weeks of training ? Completes at least one project ? Supports a particular process 黑帶: 黑帶是六西格瑪管理中最為重要的一個角色。他們專職(或兼職,但專職是最 佳選擇)從事六西格瑪改進(jìn)項(xiàng)目,是成功完成六西格瑪項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)骨干,是六 西格瑪組織的核心力量。他們的努力程度決定著六西格瑪管理的成敗。 在六西格瑪項(xiàng)目中,黑帶組織、管理、激勵、指導(dǎo)一支特定的六西格瑪項(xiàng)目團(tuán) 隊(duì)開展工作,負(fù)責(zé)團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)作的啟動,管理團(tuán)隊(duì)的進(jìn)展,并最終使項(xiàng)目獲得成功 。在推行六西格瑪管理的企業(yè)里面,如果沒有一些具有實(shí)力且不怕辛苦的黑帶 ,六西格瑪項(xiàng)目通常不會取得最佳效果。 6sigma的角色和作用 24 six sigma Master Black Belt ? Receives five weeks of training ? Completes two Black Belt projects ? Mentor to Black Belts and Green Belts ? Full time position ? Supports specific areas of the pany 資深黑帶: 資深黑帶的職責(zé)在不同的企業(yè)有不同的規(guī)定。例如:在 GE,更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)其管 理和監(jiān)督作用;在 Honeywell,資深黑帶主要起協(xié)調(diào)作用,負(fù)責(zé)日程調(diào)整、 項(xiàng)目領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和指導(dǎo)工具的運(yùn)用。兩者都很有效。 在一些企業(yè)中,資深黑帶更多的是扮演企業(yè)變革的代言人角色,其工作更加具 有管理性質(zhì),因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)常負(fù)責(zé)在全公司或特定領(lǐng)域、部門開展六西格瑪管理 工作;他們是六西格瑪管理的高參兼專家,是運(yùn)用六西格瑪管理工具的高手。 6sigma的角色和作用 25 six sigma Sponsor ? The process owner ? Supports Black Belt and Green Belt projects ? Remove barriers for DMAIC teams ?Responsible for the teams’ success ? Accountable for Six Sigma in his/her area 倡導(dǎo)者: 倡導(dǎo)者發(fā)起和支持黑帶項(xiàng)目,是六西格瑪管理的關(guān)鍵角色。倡導(dǎo)者通常是企 業(yè)推行六西格瑪領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組的一員,或者是中層以上的管理人員,其工作通常 是以戰(zhàn)略視角對六西格瑪管理進(jìn)行全面的戰(zhàn)略部署、項(xiàng)目及目標(biāo)確定、資源 分配與過程監(jiān)控,最終對六西格瑪活動整體負(fù)責(zé)。其核心任務(wù)包括: ?合理分配資源、提供必要的支持; ?消除障礙; ?檢查進(jìn)度,確保按時、按質(zhì)完成既定目標(biāo); 倡導(dǎo)者在六西格瑪組織中起著承上啟下的作用。 6sigma的角色和作用 26 six sigma Champion ? Responsible for a number of processes ? Boss to a number of Sponsors ? Provides linkage to the business at the highest level 高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo): 高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是推行六西格瑪管理獲得成功的關(guān)鍵因素。成功推行六西格瑪 管理并獲得豐碩成果的企業(yè)都擁有來自高層的高度認(rèn)同、支持參與和卓 越領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。 6sigma的角色和作用 27 six sigma Define Measure Analyze Improve Control Define the Practical Problem for the Big 將大的問題定義為實(shí)際要解決的問題 Define the Practical Problem for the Project Y 要為項(xiàng)目要解決的問題定義實(shí)際的問題 Define the Statistical Problem for the Project Y 要為項(xiàng)目要解決的問題定義統(tǒng)計(jì)的問題 Define the Statistical Solution for the Project Y 為項(xiàng)目要解決的問題定義統(tǒng)計(jì)解決方案 Define the Practical Solution for the Project Y 要為項(xiàng)目要解決的問題定義實(shí)際的解決 DMAIC Proces