農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化或單一有機農(nóng)業(yè)的應用【外文翻譯】-文庫吧
2025-04-17 15:47 本頁面
【正文】 ate support in the form of federal standards, has led to rapid growth in the organic sector (Dimitri and Greene 2020). An Organic Treadmill In many ways, the development of organic food production and the institution alization of these practices by the federal government reflect the central argument put forth by ecological modernization theorists. Social movement organizations representing farmers, consumers, and environmentalists, market forces,‘ enlightened39。 business owners, and the state acted together to create a policy designed to advance a more environmentally sound method of farming. In contrast, treadmill theorists see a system that is driven by the united forces of capital, labor, and the state, all of whom have an interest in expanding production with little regard for the ecological implications (Schnaiberg 1980。 Schnaiberg and Gould 1994). From this perspective organic agriculture is, at best,an authentic social change movement that was coopted by the dominant treadmill forces, who redirected it in order to increase profits and expand production. 3 In examining these central actors, capital is viewed as fully mitted to economic expansion due to the petitive pressure inherent in market economies. Owners must continuously reinvest in order to remain profitable in a petitive environment. This typically means expanding production or developing less costly means of producing goods and services. Although cost reductions can, at times, also involve environmental efficiencies, historically this process has involved the introduction of l aborsaving technology that relies on more toxic chemicals and greaterenergy usage. Thus, more resource withdrawals and more hazardous byproducts are generated as the overall rate of production increases. Agricultural Modernization or an Organic Treadmill In looking at the development of organic agriculture in the United States, there is significant evidence to support both ecological modernization and treadmill theory interpretations. In this sense, when considering the organic case, it is not possible to declare a definitive ‘winner.’ But examining the social processes associated with specific economic developments provides us with more material with which to consider our environmental future from each theoretical perspective. Do the development and spread of organic agriculture represent a trend toward an ecologically sustainable food production system? While the ultimate benefits of organic agriculture cannot be determined based on this analysis, even if those benefits were significant, a central treadmill theory critique of ecological modernization can be applied here: A limited positive development is being mistaken for the start of a continuous trajectory. Despite significant growth, organic food is still a niche market and in a costpetitive industry it will likely remain such (Guthman 2020a。 Lyons 1999。Michelsen 2020b). Thus, the environmental promise of organic production may not prove to be as great as implied by ecological modernization theory. In addition, critics are likely correct in that the benefits of organic production will be far fewer than expected, given treadmill processes that tend to erase environmental gains over time. But one might still argue that organic production represents a lasting improvement over conventional agriculture. The analysis need not focus on the issue of whether organics are all they are alleged to be or whether organic production will eventually fully displace conventional agriculture, but rather, is it better than the alternative, even if limited to a relatively small
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