農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化或單一有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的應(yīng)用【外文翻譯】(文件)
【正文】 資本，勞動(dòng)，政府和那些對(duì)擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)有興趣卻很少考慮生態(tài)影響的人共同組成的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)（ Schnaiberg1980。 9 單一農(nóng)業(yè) 在許多方面，有機(jī)食品生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展和政府出臺(tái)的有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)制度化措施反應(yīng)了生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論家提出的核心論點(diǎn)。 Treadwell et al. 2020）。最后，生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論為環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)組織確立了一個(gè)新角色 .根據(jù)摩爾所說(shuō)，環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)的位置正慢慢從一于社會(huì)發(fā)展外的評(píng)論員變成一個(gè)以生態(tài)改革發(fā)展為目的的獨(dú)立的關(guān)鍵參與者。第二 ,生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論家認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體是能和環(huán)境完全兼容并支持環(huán)保生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)。 Schnaiberg and Gould 1994). From this perspective organic agriculture is, at best,an authentic social change movement that was coopted by the dominant treadmill forces, who redirected it in order to increase profits and expand production. 3 In examining these central actors, capital is viewed as fully mitted to economic expansion due to the petitive pressure inherent in market economies. Owners must continuously reinvest in order to remain profitable in a petitive environment. This typically means expanding production or developing less costly means of producing goods and services. Although cost reductions can, at times, also involve environmental efficiencies, historically this process has involved the introduction of l aborsaving technology that relies on more toxic chemicals and greaterenergy usage. Thus, more resource withdrawals and more hazardous byproducts are generated as the overall rate of production increases. Agricultural Modernization or an Organic Treadmill In looking at the development of organic agriculture in the United States, there is significant evidence to support both ecological modernization and treadmill theory interpretations. In this sense, when considering the organic case, it is not possible to declare a definitive ‘winner.’ But examining the social processes associated with specific economic developments provides us with more material with which to consider our environmental future from each theoretical perspective. Do the development and spread of organic agriculture represent a trend toward an ecologically sustainable food production system? While the ultimate benefits of organic agriculture cannot be determined based on this analysis, even if those benefits were significant, a central treadmill theory critique of ecological modernization can be applied here: A limited positive development is being mistaken for the start of a continuous trajectory. Despite significant growth, organic food is still a niche market and in a costpetitive industry it will likely remain such (Guthman 2020a。1 中文 3301 字 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外 文 翻 譯 原文 ： Agricultural Modernization or an Organic Treadmill The Development of Organic Farming: Applying Ecological Modernization Theory According to one of its founding theorists, Arthur Mol, four central elements define ecological modernization theory. The first concerns technology. From this perspective, science and technology are‘ central institutions for ecological reform’(Mol 1997, 140). Unlike earlier environmental thinking, which perceived technological development as a source of ecological problems, ecological modernization theorists argue that, in the contemporary era, technology is being used to help us achieve ecological sustainability. Second, ecological modernization theorists identify market economies as being fully patible with and supportive of progress toward environmentally sound production. They stress ‘‘the increasing importance of economic and market dynamics in ecological reform and the role of nnovators, entrepreneurs and other economic agents as social carriers of ecological restructuring’’ (p. 141). Such actors may seek to meet market demand by peting on the basis of environmental performance, by creating standards and certification programs, and by generating their own ni
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