農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化或單一有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的應(yīng)用【外文翻譯】-免費(fèi)閱讀
【正文】 我們可以在農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)中尋求創(chuàng)新的辦法，從而超越有機(jī)。這是很難看到有機(jī)生產(chǎn)如何增長和驗(yàn)證創(chuàng)造的 .單獨(dú)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有助于驗(yàn)證的生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論的結(jié)果。生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論可以說，是這一進(jìn)程的一部分。但與單一農(nóng)業(yè)的是不一樣的，即使單一農(nóng)業(yè)僅限于一個(gè)單一頗為獨(dú)特的產(chǎn)業(yè)。 但食品業(yè)也提出了關(guān)于單一操作的應(yīng)用性問題。 農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化還是單一有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè) 放眼看美國農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，可以同時(shí)支持農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和單一有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的理論闡釋 . 在這個(gè)意義上說，有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)中，很難確定一個(gè)明確的贏家 . 但是，研究和相關(guān)的社會(huì)進(jìn)程有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展時(shí)，它提供了更多從每個(gè)理論的角度來考慮我們的未來環(huán)境的材料。的 經(jīng)營業(yè)主，和政府團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作共同創(chuàng)造一個(gè)旨在推進(jìn)環(huán)保農(nóng)作的政策。有機(jī)耕種的增長了在 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代 涌現(xiàn) 出 社會(huì)發(fā)展的 合流 ，其中一些還要更早十幾年出現(xiàn)（ Guthman 2020a。 Minick 2020). The creation of 5 national organic standards can be cynically viewed as a maneuver that coopted a grassroots movement that was seeking true sustainability, but this may reinvigorate that movement and set in motion another round of environmental improvements(Michelsen 2020a). Some movement activists are attempting to design new production standards that make it virtually impossible to produce on a large scale, thus favoring ecologically sustainable smallscale local farms. Ecological modernization theorists could argue that this is part of the process. Organics may just be a way station toward truly ecologically sustainable production. Of course, the treadmill may eventually overtake any movement innovation, given that the pursuit of profit does. Conclusion Both the treadmill of production and ecological modernization theories offer insightful perspectives on the social processes associated with environmental developments. When looking at the spread of organic production practices and their institutionalization in the form of statesanctioned standards, there is a great deal of empirical evidence that can be marshaled to support either perspective. Social movements, consumers, entrepreneurs, and the state have acted in concert to develop agricultural production in a way that represents an environmental improvement over conventional practices, just as predicted by ecological modernization theorists. But there is also evidence to demonstrate that the forces of capital in conjunction with a pliant state are undermining some of the original environmental promise of organic agriculture in the quest to expand profits and production much as treadmill theory suggests. While this analysis does not enable us to draw definitive conclusions regarding the long term environmental prognoses offered by ecological modernization and treadmill theorists, the organic case provides a valuable opportunity to consider the implications, not only for the agriculture industry but for society as a whole. Although it is difficult to see how the growth in organic production and the creation of standards alone help to verify some of the more ambitious claims of ecological modernization theory regarding a wholesale shift to ecological sustainability, the nature of the food industry makes it one in which a claim regarding permanent ecological gains are defensible. If in fact demand for food is truly finite, real ongoing environmentally beneficial improvements in production practices can be realized. But in the broader debate, treadmill theory claims about the failures of ecological 6 modernization on a macro level have yet to be adequately refuted. The overall logic of capitalism still favors continuous economic expansion. Although the case can be made that there are real limits within the food industry given the nature of the demand for food, this is not the case for most other modities. In these other cases the drive for profit will continuously favor reinvestment and expanded production. In some cases, these may be more environmentally sound than previous forms of production, but unless real limits to consumer demand and the quest for profit can be found, any environmental improvements are
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