【正文】 ort of exotic foods are certainly possible, given food’s perishable nature and the limits of human biology, demand for food, unlike other goods, may ultimately be If so, than improvements in the environmental impact of food production may prove to be real gains not subject to the same limitations as the temporary environmental gains made in the production of other modities. The fact that at least some portion of the overall conventional food industry has been replaced by more environmentally sound production processes arguably represents a permanent environmental improvement, even if it does not suggest a general trend toward full environmental sustainability. This is in conflict with treadmill predictions, even though it is limited to a single, rather unique, industry. In addition, ecological modernization theorists might argue that given the growing ecological sensibility among consumers and producers, further innovations are likely to take the form of still more ecologically sound food production. In deed, there is evidence of this in the form of an array of upstart farmers’ movements that seek to go ‘‘beyond organic’’ (LaTrobe and Acott 2020。 1997). The institutionalization of organic agriculture provides another opportunity to assess how well ecological modernization theory applies to the social processes associated with this development. The growth in organic farming beginning in the 1970s emerged out of a confluence of social developments, some of which began decades earlier (Guthman 2020a。他們強調提高生態(tài)經濟和市場動態(tài)改革及將創(chuàng)新者，企業(yè)家和其他經濟主體作為社會生態(tài)重組載體的重要性 , (p141)。 J. I. Rodale 在 20 世紀 40 年代的美國通過他的雜志《有機園藝》讓人們相信超前的有機種植。 Schnaiberg和古爾德 1994年）。里昂 1999年邁克爾遜 2020b）。因此，生產部門一個偶然的儲蓄或消費并不代表真正的環(huán)境改善，因為那些的儲蓄只是轉移到了其他地方。的確，有這方面，具有先進意識的農民尋求超越有機 39。當然，有機運動可能最終超過任何創(chuàng)新而追求其利潤。 但在更廣義的辯論上，單一農業(yè)理論對在宏觀層面的生態(tài)現代化的失敗的主張 是沒有被充分的反駁。此外，在目前的社會和經濟背景下，由于 生態(tài)收益的迅速的破壞，我們正朝著生態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路上也是充滿懷疑的。在某些情況下，這些生產可能比以往的生產更環(huán)保，但是，只有只有實際限制消費者的需求和對利潤的追求的情況下。但也有證據表明，在國家與資本結合的情況下，在在追求擴大利潤和生產的過程中，有機農業(yè)破壞了一些對環(huán)境的原有的承諾。國家有機標準的制定，可以看作是一種尋求真正的可持續(xù)發(fā)展草根運動，并能開啟了另一個全面改善環(huán)境的重振運動 .（米科爾森 2020a） 。如果這樣，改善糧食生產對環(huán)境的影響可能被證明是不遵守與在其他商品生產所取得的環(huán)境利益同樣的限制的實際收益。即使有機生產的一些優(yōu)勢會隨著時間的推移逐漸丟失，但是它仍可以證明比傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)強。這通常意味著擴大生產或開 發(fā)生產低成本的商品和服務 . 雖然成本降低，有時也包括環(huán)境效益，但是歷史上這一過程所涉及的勞動力的減少 ，也意味著引進更多的有毒化學品和對提高能源技術的依賴。社會運動組織表明了農民，消費者，環(huán)保主義者，市場力量， 39。（摩爾 1997年， 142）今天的運動有助于在國家和個人的合作工作中產生環(huán)保意識并為環(huán)保實踐樹立共眾支持 . 這些就是生態(tài)現 代化理論的四個主要特征 . 生態(tài)現代化的理論家們應用這一視角解釋了一些發(fā)展變化：包裝廢棄物的減少 (Lauber and Ingram 2020).產業(yè)能源效益的完善 (Enevoldsen， 2020年 )，化工行業(yè)有毒廢物的減少 (摩爾 1995。 Lyons 1999。 Treadwell et al. 2020). J. I. Rodale is credited with advancing organic farming in the United States beginning in the 1940s through his magazine Organic Gardening. Yet it was the countercultural backtotheland movement of the 1960s bined with the environmental and health movements that developed in the 1970s that laid the foundation for the expansion of organic agriculture. Since then, interest in organic methods from a larger segment of the agriculture industry, along with state support in the form of federal standards, has led to rapid growth in the organic sector (Dimitri and Greene 2020). An Organic Treadmill In many ways, the development of organic food production and the institution alization of these practices by the federal government reflect the central argument put forth by ecological modernization theorists. Social movement organizations representing farmers, consumers, and environmentalists, market forces,‘ enlightened39。此類措施可以通過環(huán)保的競爭，標準和認證方案的建立，對相關消費者環(huán)保意識的呼吁，其自身的 利基市場的形成來滿足其市場需求。然而就是這 20 世紀 60 年代的結合環(huán)保和健康的回歸土地運動奠定了 20 世紀 70 年代有機農業(yè)的擴張的基礎。從這個角度看，有機農業(yè)，至多，是一個由單一力量主宰，以增大利益和擴大生產為目的真正的社會變革運動。因此，有機生產