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【正文】 ustry it will likely remain such (Guthman 2020a。 Treadwell et al. 2020). J. I. Rodale is credited with advancing organic farming in the United States beginning in the 1940s through his magazine Organic Gardening. Yet it was the countercultural backtotheland movement of the 1960s bined with the environmental and health movements that developed in the 1970s that laid the foundation for the expansion of organic agriculture. Since then, interest in organic methods from a larger segment of the agriculture industry, along with state support in the form of federal standards, has led to rapid growth in the organic sector (Dimitri and Greene 2020). An Organic Treadmill In many ways, the development of organic food production and the institution alization of these practices by the federal government reflect the central argument put forth by ecological modernization theorists. Social movement organizations representing farmers, consumers, and environmentalists, market forces,‘ enlightened39。1 中文 3301 字 本科畢業(yè)設計（論文） 外 文 翻 譯 原文 ： Agricultural Modernization or an Organic Treadmill The Development of Organic Farming: Applying Ecological Modernization Theory According to one of its founding theorists, Arthur Mol, four central elements define ecological modernization theory. The first concerns technology. From this perspective, science and technology are‘ central institutions for ecological reform’(Mol 1997, 140). Unlike earlier environmental thinking, which perceived technological development as a source of ecological problems, ecological modernization theorists argue that, in the contemporary era, technology is being used to help us achieve ecological sustainability. Second, ecological modernization theorists identify market economies as being fully patible with and supportive of progress toward environmentally sound production. They stress ‘‘the increasing importance of economic and market dynamics in ecological reform and the role of nnovators, entrepreneurs and other economic agents as social carriers of ecological restructuring’’ (p. 141). Such actors may seek to meet market demand by peting on the basis of environmental performance, by creating standards and certification programs, and by generating their own niche markets through environmental appeals to concerned consumers. Third, ecological modernization theory posits a role for the state in environmental protection, albeit a fundamentally different one from its traditional‘ mand and control’ approach. Instead of imposing rigid regulations from an insulated centralized bureaucracy, in the modern ecological era the state acts to ‘‘steer’’ private actors toward environmentally sound practice, all the while allowing for flexibility and incorporating targeted parties into a participatory process of sitespecific reform. Lastly, ecological modernization theorists identify a new role for environmental movement organizations. According to Mol, ‘‘The role of environmental movements is slowly shifting from that of a critical mentator outside societal developments to 2 that of a critical— and still independent— participant in developments aimed at an ecological transformation’’ (Mol 1997, 142). Movements today serve to generate ideas and build public support for environmental practices while working with state and private actors to develop environmentally sound policies. These are the four central features of ecological modernization theory. Ecological modernization theorists have applied this perspective to interpret developments such as the reduction in packaging waste (
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