農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化或單一有機農(nóng)業(yè)的應(yīng)用【外文翻譯】-文庫吧資料
2025-05-22 15:47本頁面
【正文】 mple, consumers who save money by purchasing more energyefficient hybrid vehicles will use those fuel cost savings to purchase something else, thus channeling the saved energy into some other form of production, yielding no environmental improvement. Yet while one’s capacity to accumulate consumer goods is virtually unlimited, the food industry is unique in that demand could be considered finite. Although greater processing and more distant transport of exotic foods are certainly possible, given food’s perishable nature and the limits of human biology, demand for food, unlike other goods, may ultimately be If so, than improvements in the environmental impact of food production may prove to be real gains not subject to the same limitations as the temporary environmental gains made in the production of other modities. The fact that at least some portion of the overall conventional food industry has been replaced by more environmentally sound production processes arguably represents a permanent environmental improvement, even if it does not suggest a general trend toward full environmental sustainability. This is in conflict with treadmill predictions, even though it is limited to a single, rather unique, industry. In addition, ecological modernization theorists might argue that given the growing ecological sensibility among consumers and producers, further innovations are likely to take the form of still more ecologically sound food production. In deed, there is evidence of this in the form of an array of upstart farmers’ movements that seek to go ‘‘beyond organic’’ (LaTrobe and Acott 2020。 Schnaiberg and Gould 1994). From this perspective organic agriculture is, at best,an authentic social change movement that was coopted by the dominant treadmill forces, who redirected it in order to increase profits and expand production. 3 In examining these central actors, capital is viewed as fully mitted to economic expansion due to the petitive pressure inherent in market economies. Owners must continuously reinvest in order to remain profitable in a petitive environment. This typically means expanding production or developing less costly means of producing goods and services. Although cost reductions can, at times, also involve environmental efficiencies, historically this process has involved the introduction of l aborsaving technology that relies on more toxic chemicals and greaterenergy usage. Thus, more resource withdrawals and more hazardous byproducts are generated as the overall rate of production increases. Agricultural Modernization or an Organic Treadmill In looking at the development of organic agriculture in the United States, there is significant evidence to support both ecological modernization and treadmill theory interpretations. In this sense, when considering the organic case, it is not possible to declare a definitive ‘winner.’ But examining the social processes associated with specific economic developments provides us with more material with which to consider our environmental future from each theoretical perspective. Do the development and spread of organic agriculture represent a trend toward an ecologically sustainable food production system? While the ultimate benefits of organic agriculture cannot be determined based on this analysis, even if those benefits were significant, a central treadmill theory critique of ecological modernization can be applied here: A limited positive development is being mistaken for the start of a continuous trajectory. Despite significant growth, organic food is still a niche market and in a costpetitive ind
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