完全競爭市場行為概述(已改無錯(cuò)字)
2023-02-08 22:30:19 本頁面
【正文】 Butter U 65 52 Butter ? ? ? ? ? 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 ? Noheless, allocative efficiency goes one step further and requires not only that the right mix of goods be produced but also that these goods be allocated among consumers to maximize consumer satisfaction. 65 53 競爭性均衡的效率 效率 生產(chǎn)的效率 配置的效率 資源配置效率 產(chǎn)品配置效率 65 54 完全競爭均衡時(shí)的效率 ? 完全競爭的長期均衡可以同時(shí)滿足：生產(chǎn)的效率和配置的效率（包括配置資源和配置產(chǎn)品）。 ? 證明思路：生產(chǎn)的社會邊際利益是多少？生產(chǎn)的社會邊際成本是多少？比較社會的邊際利益與邊際成本，如果相等，則社會利益最大化，也就是達(dá)到最優(yōu)，或最有效率。 65 55 凈經(jīng)濟(jì)所得 P* A B E O Q* P P 生產(chǎn)付出的總成本 (負(fù)效用 )為 AEQ*O面積，得到的總效用為 BEQ*O面積，凈經(jīng)濟(jì)收益為 BEA面積。 F F MU = DD 若規(guī)模擴(kuò)大到 F_F，經(jīng)濟(jì)收益減少。 MC = SS 65 56 眾多消費(fèi)者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Person A Person B Industry P* 65 57 需求曲線反映社會的利益 ? 需求曲線反映了消費(fèi)者的邊際效用。 ? 在完全競爭市場中，所有消費(fèi)者都按均衡價(jià)格支付，因此，均衡價(jià)格等于所有消費(fèi)者的邊際效用，即反映了社會的利益。 65 58 眾多生產(chǎn)者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Firm A Firm B Industry P* 65 59 供給曲線反映了社會的成本 ? 供給曲線反映了生產(chǎn)者的邊際成本。 ? 在完全競爭市場中，所有生產(chǎn)者都按均衡價(jià)格得到補(bǔ)償，因此，均衡價(jià)格等于所有生產(chǎn)者的邊際成本，即反映了社會的成本。 65 60 社會利益等與社會成本 ? The supply curve reflects the costs of production and therefore must reflect the social costs of producing the product. ? In a perfectly petitive market, equilibrium occurs where supply intersects demand so that social benefits equal social costs. 65 61 Marginal Cost = Marginal Benefit ? At this equilibrium point, the marginal cost of production exactly equals the marginal benefit or utility of consumption. ? We know this to be true because from consumer theory, we know that consumers choose purchases up to the point where price equals marginal utility. ? Therefore, MU or P must equal MC. 65 62 眾多市場的均衡 ? Utilitymaximizing consumers spread their dollars among different goods until the marginal utility of the last dollar is equalized for each good consumed. ? Then the MUs, which are equal to the Ps, will be equal to the MCs. 65 63 邊際成本定價(jià)的中心作用 ? Only when prices are equal to marginal costs is the economy squeezing (壓榨 ) the maximum output and satisfaction from its scarce resources (稀缺資源 ) of land, labor, and capital. ? Only when price is equal to marginal cost for all firms will society be
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