【正文】 earing prices must be high enough to drive the second bidder’s demands to zero. 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 1（互補性） ? That is, the price of license A must be at least a+d and that of license B must be at least b+d, so the sum of the two prices exceeds the first bidder’s value of a+b+c. The first bidder would not want to buy the license pair at these prices, so there are no prices for the two licenses individually that clear the two markets simultaneously. 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） ?在拍賣進(jìn)行過程中，出現(xiàn)了勾結(jié)現(xiàn)象。其中最主要的方法是：利用報價的最后三位數(shù)字傳遞信息。 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） ?Most market and bidder numbers are two or more digits. If one wanted to signal market 23 and the bidding is at 100,000,000, one could bid 123,000,000. But notice how unclear a signal this is without the leading zeros to indicate the beginning of a code (as in 100,000,023). 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） ?In this context, $123 million is a reasonable bid, and bidders will not be able to distinguish a code bid from a regular bid. Even when allowed to make bids like 100,000,023, bidders (and their advisers) were having a hard time making sense of code bids. ?在拍賣中勾結(jié)的另一種方式是不恰當(dāng)利用報價撤回戰(zhàn)術(shù)。 ?報價撤回戰(zhàn)術(shù)在 DEF拍賣中最為明顯，總共被撤回了 789份。其中大部分是被用來作為一個策略工具：作為競價者通過放棄一個許可用以交換另一個意愿的信號，或使競價不至于過于嚴(yán)厲的一個合法停止策略。 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） ?A gift withdrawal is used when two bidders (A and B) are peting in two or more markets, say markets X and Y. 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） ?Suppose B is the high bidder on Y at $100 and the minimum bid increment is $5. A submits a high bid on X and a high bid on Y of $105 and immediately withdraws from Y. (Under present rules, A can amplify the message by coding the high bid on Y with X’s market number, as in $.) B now knows that A is saying, ―I will take X and you can have Y.‖ 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） ? After the withdrawal, the minimum bid on Y falls back to $100, so B can take over Y without having to increase its bid. This is an important feature of the gift withdrawal — it is a clear and effective way to let your petitor know how licenses should be split up. 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——實例分析 2（勾結(jié)） 為了消除 Gift withdrawals A bidder who withdraws a bid from a market area may not subsequently bid again for that license or any equivalent license covering the same market area. The sole exception is that a bidder can rebid at the minimum bid level on the license from which it has withdrawn after two or more rounds have passed since its withdrawal provided the FCC has been the high bidder in every intervening round.‖ ?目前電信仍在堅持產(chǎn)業(yè)壟斷； ?政府采用博弈論進(jìn)行市場設(shè)計將是必然趨勢； ?企業(yè)應(yīng)用博弈論也是未來必然的事情。 拍賣實踐 2： FCC頻譜拍賣 ——對我國的啟示 拍賣實踐 3：二氧化碳許可證拍賣 ——背景 ?―The vast majority of the world39。s climate scientists have concluded that if the countries of the world do not work together to cut the emission of greenhouse gases, then temperatures will rise and will disrupt the climate. In fact, most scientists say the process has already begun.‖ President Clinton, October 22, 1997 ?At the Climate Change Summit in Kyoto in December 1997, a large group of developed countries agreed to restrict their carbon emissions to, on average, 5% below 1990 levels by 2022 – 2022. The United States agreed to a target of 7% reductions (subject to ratification). ?The question at hand is how best to achieve domestically the carbon emission targets. CO2 is the major current contributor to climate change. 拍賣實踐 3：二氧化碳許可證拍賣 ——背景 ?Instead of auctioning, the government could give the permits away to specific groups. This alternative is known as ―grandfathering.‖ 拍賣實踐 3：二氧化碳許可證拍賣 ——背景 拍賣實踐 3：二氧化碳許可證拍賣 ——背景 ?An auction is preferred to grandfathering (giving panies permits based on historical output or emissions), because it allows reduced tax distortions, provides more flexibility in distribution of costs, provides greater incentives for innovation, and reduces the need for politically contentious arguments over the allocati