【正文】 are better understood by the viewer. Professor So, the other day I went to this great new movie and one of the scenes in particular I thought was really set up nicely. At the start of the scene, before the action and talking and things started, you saw, on the movie screen, an image of a city. You could tell it was a big city. There were lots of buildings, tall ones, skyscrapers. And the cars and signs on the city streets looked oldfashioned, like they were from the past, like the 1940s. The other thing I noticed right away from this first image, just when the scene started, was that the city seemed gloomy. You couldn39。t see much because it was, well, there was mostly darkness rather than sunlight. And there was only just a little bit of light from the street lamps. On top of that, it was raining, and kind of foggy. All of these details worked together to create a dark, gloomy, mysterious feeling. So then when the action started, and it showed detectives talking to each other in an office, I already knew that the office was located in a tall building in a big city sometime in the 1940s. And I had a good idea that the events that would be taking place would be pretty dark and mysterious because of the shot, the image I saw at the beginning of the scene. TPO10 Entertainment merchandising An effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is from of marketing in which the brand or image from one product is also used to sell another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection with movies and television shows, especially those associated with children. For example, the success of a popular children39。s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the situation may be reversed when a children39。s television show is written to include characters that are ba sed on alreadypopular toys. Professor OK, so I’ve actually got a few different examples of this. You know when I was kid, a character named Action Hero was really popular with my friends and me. We would always watch the Action Hero program on television every week, and played games, pretending that we were strong and powerful as he was. Then pretty soon we began seeing this small Action Hero figures in all the stores. And well we all just had to have them. I mean we’d been watching the television show for so long that it seemed only natural to want to own the toys too. Well I finally grew up and left the Action Hero television program and toys behind. But now I have a sevenyearold daughter who watches television a lot and also likes to play with her toys. And lately her favorite toy is a cute little baby doll with a big round face and lots of curly hair named Rosa. All my daughters’ friends have Rosa dolls too. And they enjoy going to each other’s houses to play with them. Then a few weeks ago, my daughter came running up to me all excited because she had just heard there was going to be a new television program on every week with the doll Rosa as the main character. So naturally she and all her friends have begun watching the show. And it’s already very popular, as popular as the toy doll. TPO11 Outsider Art Outsider Art is a term used to describe art that is made by people who choose to live and work outside society. Then artists who produce this kind of artOutsider Artistswork in isolation from other artists and have little or no formal artistic training. Because they do not learn conventional artistic teachers or other artists, Outsider Artists must invent their own ways of doing things. As a result of the unconventional methods that Outsider Artists often use, their work can look strange and not at all like traditional art to the observer. Professor All right, so let’s consider the work of the outsider artist Henry Darger. Darger lived by himself in a tiny apartment in Chicago in the 1900s. He had no friends and spent all his spare time there alone creating hundreds of paintings and drawings. He had never formally studied and kept his work pletely private so no one ever saw it or responded to it during his lifetime. And so when you see Darger’s work, you notice how unique it is. It doesn’t remind you of anything you’ve ever seen before. It’s very much his own. For example, one piece it’s a water color painting. In this piece he illustrates a story about the adventures of seven children. But see, Darger had a really hard time drawing human figures, yet he managed to e up with his own rather unique solution for the problem. He simply cut out pictures of children from newspapers and magazines and pasted them into his own painted illustration of trees, flowers and grass. The results look... um a little strange. Darger’s picture looks more cluttered, more crowded with details than the pictures of other artists because its entire surface’s painted and there are no spaces left empty. It’s also a lot longer than the pictures of most other artists, about nine feet long. TPO12 Subliminal Perception Humans are constantly perceiving visual and auditory stimuli. Sometimes our perception of these stimuli occurs consciously: we are aware of a stimulus and know that we are perceiving it. But our perception of a stimulus can also occur without our awareness: an image might appear and disappear before our eyes too quickly for us to notice that we saw it, or a sound might be too faint for us to realize that we heard it. This phenomenonthe perception of a stimulus just below the threshold of conscious awarenessis called subliminal perception. Experiments have shown that subliminally perceived stimuli can influence people39。s thoughts and attitudes. Professor Consider this experiment. Two grou