【正文】 y a couple of years ago. So one day, a coworker and I suggested we should give our puters a design makeover, make them look more up to date. Market research was showing that new customers said they would be more interested in buying our puters if they looked cooler. Our technology was advanced, but the outside design looked really oldfashioned. At first, more than half the group supported us. There were a few senior managers there though who didn’t support the design change. One of the senior managers said, “Our focus has always been on technology. Changing the look is an unnecessary cost.” Almost immediately, some of our supporters changed their minds. Even my coworker changed his mind. When I asked him why after the meeting, he told me he didn’t want to make a bad impression on the senior managers. He thought that disagreeing with them might jeopardize his chances of getting a promotion by not looking like a team player. What about me? I hate to admit it, but after a few hours of discussion, I started wondering if it was worth everyone’s time to argue about this. As more people sided with senior management, I started to feel like I was the only one holding up the vote. Everyone else seemed to think change wasn’t necessary, so I voted against my own idea in the end. So we unanimously decided to stay with the current oldlooking design. But this decision ended up costing us a lot of money. That same year, our petitor came out with a new design that attracted some of our customers and prevented us from profiting on potential new customers. Cognitive Dissonance Individuals sometimes experience a contradiction between their actions and their beliefsbetween what they are doing and what they believe they should be doing. These contradictions can cause a kind of mental disfort known as cognitive dissonance. People experiencing cognitive dissonance often do not want to change the way they are acting, so they resolves the contradictory situation in another way。 在確定 D 的位置時(shí)，其后的閱讀內(nèi)容往往是對(duì) T 發(fā)生原理的詳細(xì)闡述。 ? ANSWERING PART 在答題部分 中，首先會(huì)有 10s 左右的讀題時(shí)間，然后是 30s 的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間， 最后是 60s 的答題時(shí)間。 此時(shí)考生需要將 structure 寫在草稿紙上。 整理思路 — 快速理清答題重點(diǎn)的邏輯順序。 ? LISTENING PART 根據(jù)閱讀部分中所預(yù)測(cè)的 structure 進(jìn)行筆記，其余聽力部分理解即可，無需筆記。t give up video games. I was pletely torn. And my solution was to...to change my perspective. See, the only class I was doing really badly in was chemistry. In the others, I was...l was ok. So I asked myself, if I wanted to be a chemist when I grew up, and the fact is I didn39。, they work differently. Let39。Panther39。p39。, but they don39。t know, interrupt the teacher, walk around the classroom when they are supposed to be sitting down, you know just misbehaving in general. OK, but what happens? Well, the teacher gets angry with them when they act this way. They might get punished. They have to sit at their desks when everyone else is allowed to go outside and play, and they certainly don39。s attacked, it suddenly opens its back wings and out pop these big bright colors. And that surprises the predator and gives the peanut bug a chance to get away. Um and then you have a butterfly called the Morpho Butterfly, and parts of the morpho butterfly39。 that is, they prefer remaining in fortable, familiar situation, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the fort zone bias. When people are reasonably content, they often decide not to pursue a new opportunity, even if it attracts them and offers more advantages. Psychologists believe that the fort zone bias exists not only because we have a natual preference for what we already know, but also because we want to avoid taking risks. Professor: OK. So this es up a lot when people make career decisions. A friend of mine from college always wanted to be a film reviewer. He was a film major and he loved movies. Most of all, he loved to write about movies. So when he graduated, he looked for a job as a film reviewer for a newspaper, because as a film reviewer, he’d get to see films for free and would be paid to write about them. That’s what he loved. But he couldn’t find a job as a film reviewer. So he took a position as a news reporter instead, for a newspaper, investigating stories, writing about events what news reporters do. Now, at first, my friend wasn’t sure he’d be any good at this. He’d never been a news reporter before. But eventually he adjusted and gained confidents and he got used to the job. And he realized he was actually a pretty good reporter. Anyway, here’s the thing. After a few years, the film reviewer for the newspaper where he worked quit and my friend was offered her job. This was his dream, right? His opportunity to be a f ilm reviewer had finally e and the new job would actually pay more, too. But did he take the job? Nope, he turned it down. He told me he’d gotten used to being a news reporter. And he just didn’t want to try something else. It seemed like too big of a change, since, well, there was a chance that the new job might not work out. TPO15 Experimenter Effect One objective of any experiment is, of course, to obtain accurate results. Sometimes, however, problems occur that lead to inaccurate results. One such problem is the experimenter effect. The experimenter effect occurs when a researcher39。s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the situation may be reversed when a children39。 this bright color is usually hidden from predator39。Panther39。? 39。. They honestly don39。s say there39。s dinner. So, um, if I ask you 39。s behavior. People take each other into account in their daily behavior and in fact, the very presence of others can affect behavior. For example, one principle of social interaction, audience effects, suggests that individuals39。一般來講 D 出現(xiàn)的位置常常會(huì)伴有信號(hào)詞 出現(xiàn) ，如suggest, known as,