【正文】 美，以及日常生活中的美容美發(fā)、形象設(shè)計(jì)、服飾打扮、家居裝飾等等，都 離不開審美和美育。審美教育在現(xiàn)當(dāng)代社會(huì)的生活化趨勢(shì)，使得人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪幸搽S時(shí)可以受到美的熏陶和教育，美育正在成為一種生活教育或人生教育。 4. 舉例說明馬斯洛人本主義心理學(xué)審美理論學(xué)說 答： 1．人本主義心理學(xué)是 20 世紀(jì) 50－ 60 年代在美國興起的一種心理學(xué)流派，其創(chuàng)始人和主要代表人物是著名心理學(xué)家馬斯洛。馬斯洛先后提出了著名的“需要層次理論”、“人的潛能和價(jià)值論”、“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)論”、“高峰體驗(yàn)論”等重要理論，奠定了人本主義心理學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)，被稱為“人本主義心理學(xué)精神之父”。 2．需要層次論：馬斯洛關(guān)于人 的七種基本需要由低到高、由下而上依次是：第一層，“生理需要”，即衣食住行等生活需要或生理需要，這是最基本的需要；第二層，“安全需要”，包括人身安全、避免危險(xiǎn)等，引申涵義還包括社會(huì)安定、生活保障等；第三層，“歸屬和愛的需要”，指人渴望在家庭、親戚、朋友、單位、社會(huì)中找到歸屬感，在給予他人愛和接受他人的愛中享受溫暖； 第四層，“尊重的需要”，包括自尊、自重和為他人所尊，勝任工作、事業(yè)有成，從而得到肯定的評(píng)價(jià)和贊揚(yáng)等等；第五層，“認(rèn)知的需要”，馬斯洛認(rèn)為求知、探索認(rèn)識(shí)和理解等，是人的天性，也是人的基本需要和內(nèi)在動(dòng) 機(jī)，認(rèn)知和好奇心分不開，人的認(rèn)知天性推動(dòng)力人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步與科學(xué)的發(fā)展；第六層，“審美需要”，包括對(duì)于對(duì)稱、均衡、秩序、完美等形式美的追求等。馬斯洛是第一位把審美需要當(dāng)作人的基本需要的心理學(xué)家；第七層是“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要”，所謂自我實(shí)現(xiàn)，就是指?jìng)€(gè)人特有的潛在能力得到充分的發(fā)揮。它是金字塔的頂尖，是人的所有基本需求中最高的目標(biāo)，也是完滿人性的體現(xiàn)。自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需要的產(chǎn)生，有賴于前面各種需要的滿足。馬斯洛認(rèn)為，各種基本需要都能得到滿足的人，將會(huì)有最充分、最旺盛的創(chuàng)造力。 3．人的潛能和價(jià)值論：人本主義心理學(xué)主張從生物進(jìn)化 論和比較心理學(xué)的角度研究人的價(jià)值和潛能。馬斯洛認(rèn)為，人的潛能就是人的內(nèi)在價(jià)值。潛能得到發(fā)揮，也就是價(jià)值得到實(shí)現(xiàn)。 4．“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)”：自我實(shí)現(xiàn)是馬斯洛需要層次論的最高追求目標(biāo)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)完滿的人性，強(qiáng)調(diào)以生物學(xué)為依據(jù)的人的本性的發(fā)展。這里所說的“完滿的人性”主要指人的友愛、合作、求知、審美、創(chuàng)造等特性或潛能，這些潛能的充分發(fā)揮就被稱為“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)”。馬斯洛認(rèn)為，能夠做到“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)”的人是人類中的一批杰出人物，他們有著堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的信念和決心，都有著積極的創(chuàng)造性，對(duì)很多領(lǐng)域都有著深刻的見解，很少失望、焦慮、恐懼、悲觀的情緒，他 們?nèi)硇耐度牍ぷ?，并獲得創(chuàng)造的樂趣，同時(shí)在創(chuàng)造性工作中全面發(fā)揮自己的才能，他們更全面地享受生活，自然地發(fā)揮著全部生理、心理功能，他們的行為動(dòng)機(jī)來自于發(fā)展?jié)摿εc實(shí)現(xiàn)潛能的需要。 5．“高峰體驗(yàn)”：馬斯洛進(jìn)一步指出，“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)”的重要特征便是“高峰體驗(yàn)”。峰體驗(yàn)的最大特征，就是人的精神處于最佳狀態(tài)時(shí)的一種體驗(yàn)，人在這種體驗(yàn)中會(huì)感到欣喜若狂、銷魂落魄、如醉如癡，它是人的存在最完美、最和諧、最幸福的一種境界。高峰體驗(yàn)的時(shí)刻，人有一種反歸自然或與自然合一的極度歡樂，人的心胸仿佛豁然開朗，體味到宇宙、人生的無窮奧妙，仿佛 進(jìn)入了天堂，實(shí)現(xiàn)了夢(mèng)寐以求的理想，達(dá)到了一種盡善盡美的人生境界?！案叻弩w驗(yàn)”來自于創(chuàng)造的沖動(dòng)和創(chuàng)造的激情，來自于科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和偉大的靈感，來自于愛情與異性的結(jié)合，來自于人與大自然的交融，更來自藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)與審美欣賞活動(dòng)。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf233。 where dinner and afternoon tea are available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees. Yuanmingyuan Road behind the plex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and highend brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for mercial fashion photo shoots. New Tian’an Church, or Union Chur