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請您刪除一下內(nèi)容, O(∩_∩)O 謝謝?。?! 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf233。高峰體驗的時刻,人有一種反歸自然或與自然合一的極度歡樂,人的心胸仿佛豁然開朗,體味到宇宙、人生的無窮奧妙,仿佛 進入了天堂,實現(xiàn)了夢寐以求的理想,達到了一種盡善盡美的人生境界。 5.“高峰體驗”:馬斯洛進一步指出,“自我實現(xiàn)”的重要特征便是“高峰體驗”。這里所說的“完滿的人性”主要指人的友愛、合作、求知、審美、創(chuàng)造等特性或潛能,這些潛能的充分發(fā)揮就被稱為“自我實現(xiàn)”。潛能得到發(fā)揮,也就是價值得到實現(xiàn)。 3.人的潛能和價值論:人本主義心理學(xué)主張從生物進化 論和比較心理學(xué)的角度研究人的價值和潛能。自我實現(xiàn)需要的產(chǎn)生,有賴于前面各種需要的滿足。馬斯洛是第一位把審美需要當(dāng)作人的基本需要的心理學(xué)家;第七層是“自我實現(xiàn)的需要”,所謂自我實現(xiàn),就是指個人特有的潛在能力得到充分的發(fā)揮。馬斯洛先后提出了著名的“需要層次理論”、“人的潛能和價值論”、“自我實現(xiàn)論”、“高峰體驗論”等重要理論,奠定了人本主義心理學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ),被稱為“人本主義心理學(xué)精神之父”。審美教育在現(xiàn)當(dāng)代社會的生活化趨勢,使得人們在日常生活中也隨時可以受到美的熏陶和教育,美育正在成為一種生活教育或人生教育。尤其是現(xiàn)當(dāng)代,隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人民物質(zhì)文化水平的提高,美和美育在人類生活中占據(jù)越來越重要的位置,它不只是在學(xué)校的課堂或校園中進行,而是進入到人類生活的各個領(lǐng)域。美的普遍性,決定了美育的普遍性。而美育的特點,恰恰是采取自覺自愿的自由方式進行。一般來講,智育、德育等教育方式,都或多或少要采用灌輸?shù)姆绞絹磉M行。第三,自由性。娛樂性是美育的鮮明特點。無論是自然美、社會美,還是藝術(shù)美,它們首要的特征就是形象性。形象性是美育的顯著特點。最后,美的生活方式是科學(xué)的,按照科學(xué)的規(guī)律生活。首先,生活方式的文明表現(xiàn)在人們的物質(zhì)生活與精神生活的高度統(tǒng)一,以及精神生活內(nèi)容的極大豐富。 2. 構(gòu)成人文環(huán)境美的要 素包括先進的生產(chǎn)力和進步的政治制度、法律制度、經(jīng)濟制度和繁榮的文化事業(yè)等。狹義的人文環(huán)境是特指一定社會群體的生活方式、生活風(fēng)尚構(gòu)成的社會氛圍。內(nèi)在美是人物美的核心。性格美的表現(xiàn)是熱情、開朗、活潑、誠懇、果斷、穩(wěn)重、剛強、機智、幽 默等,與此相對的不良性格特征是為人冷漠、暴躁、怯懦、虛偽、軟弱等。性格指對現(xiàn)實的穩(wěn)定態(tài)度及與之相適應(yīng)的習(xí)慣行為方式。 人的內(nèi)在美是指人的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)、性格的美,是人的美的決定因素,主要包括人的精神美和性格美: 1.精神美精神美主要是指人的精神世界的美,包括人的崇高的理想、高尚的道德品質(zhì)和情操、豐富的美好情感和智慧、淵博的學(xué)識和良好的修養(yǎng)等。言談舉止作為人的精神的表現(xiàn),是體現(xiàn)人物美的重要方面。 3.風(fēng)度美風(fēng)度美是指人的風(fēng)采和氣度的美,主要通過人的言談、舉止來體現(xiàn)。形貌是人的自然資質(zhì),服飾則是人的文化生成。大體上講,人體的形貌是否美,可以從面貌、肌膚、人體各部分的比例與配合、內(nèi)在活力四個方面來衡量和判斷。主要體現(xiàn)在以下三個方面: 1.形貌美形貌美是指人的身材相貌的美,屬于靜態(tài)美。 ( 1)外在美。 結(jié)合實例論述什么是人的美,人的美有什么特點 答:人的美包括人的外在美和內(nèi)在美兩個方面。 ,人們在改造自然的過程中和自然建立了廣闊的聯(lián)系,自然事物不僅越來越多地成為人們生活中有用的事物,而且越來越多地引起人們的興味和 喜愛,逐漸成為美的對象。 ( 1)沒有人類存在便沒有把自然作為觀照對象的主體存在。) 答:從自然美產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的總過程來看,自然美領(lǐng)域的逐漸擴大是和社會生活發(fā)展的進程密切聯(lián)系在一起的,是一定社會實踐或社會生活的產(chǎn)物。簡單的線性思維方式無法揭示它的真正奧秘,必須采用辯證的多元思維方式才能為我們提供正確的研究途徑; (2)人類的審美活動與藝術(shù)活動,經(jīng)歷了一個由實用到審美、以巫術(shù)為中介、以勞動為前提的漫長歷史發(fā)展過程 。尤其是布洛將美與美感混淆起來,把美單純歸結(jié)為主觀心理的產(chǎn)物,使他最終落入主觀唯心主義的泥潭之中。但是,布洛的“距離說”完全否定審美主客體是在人類溫長實踐活 動中才最終形成的這一歷史進程,過分夸大了心理距離在美感形成中的地位和作用。所謂“距離太近”,是指審美活動與藝術(shù)欣賞固然需要共鳴和移情,但是,心理距離也不能太近甚至于消失,如果完全把劇中的故事當(dāng)作生活的真實,甚至把劇中的人物當(dāng)作生活中的自我,那也同樣不可能得到美感。布洛進一步指出,在審美活動中,這種“心 理距離”必須適中,距離過遠或距離過近,都不能產(chǎn)生真正的美感。 布洛認為,在審美活動中,主客體之間必須保持一定的心理距離,即審美主體必須拋開實用目的與功利需要,把審美主體與審美對象之間的關(guān)系,由實用的變?yōu)樾蕾p的,由功利的變?yōu)閷徝赖模拍軌蛘嬲@得審美感受。 “審美距離說”審美理論的基本內(nèi)容。審美價值是自然性與社