【正文】 固。但是 ,。但是，畢竟我的知識(shí)有限，經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足，難免會(huì)有錯(cuò)漏之處，請(qǐng)各位老師指正。 31 參 考 文 獻(xiàn) 1， 周美蘭，周封 ， 電器控制與組態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)，科學(xué)出版社 2， 彭兆行， 礦山提升機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 3， 李儀鈺，礦山機(jī)械，冶金工業(yè)出版社 4，袁任光，可編程控制器選用手冊(cè)，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 5，中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)，礦井提升設(shè)備，煤炭工業(yè)出版社 6，廖常初，可編程控制器應(yīng)用技術(shù)，重慶大學(xué)出版社 7《機(jī)械工程手冊(cè)，電機(jī)工程手冊(cè)》編委會(huì)，《機(jī)械工程手冊(cè)》第二卷 8，林英等，煤礦電工手冊(cè) （ 6） ， 煤礦工業(yè)出版社 9，上海市職業(yè)技術(shù)教育課程改革與教材建設(shè)委員會(huì)，機(jī)電與數(shù)控專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ) 10，林小峰 .可編程控制器原理及應(yīng)用 .北京：高等教育出版社， 1994 11，田瑞庭 .可編程控制器應(yīng)用技術(shù) .北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 1994 12，張萬(wàn)忠 .可編程控制器應(yīng)用技術(shù) .北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社， 13，于慶廣 .可編程控制器原理及系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) .北京：清華大學(xué)出版社 .2021 14，齊從謙，等． PLZ；技術(shù)及應(yīng)用 [M]．機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2021,8． 15，吳小洪，等． PLC 軟元件在電氣系統(tǒng)可靠性設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用 [J]．電工技術(shù)雜志， 1999(2)： 24— 26 32 附錄 1 專(zhuān)題 液壓卡環(huán)式步進(jìn)提升機(jī) PLC 控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 摘要： 介紹了西門(mén)子 S7200 PLC 在液壓卡環(huán)式步進(jìn)提升機(jī)中的應(yīng)用，簡(jiǎn)述了硬件組成和軟件設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容。由于該設(shè)備工作于環(huán)境惡劣的施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)且動(dòng)作需平穩(wěn)、準(zhǔn)確，因此要求該設(shè)備的控制系統(tǒng)具有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾性、靈活性和友好的人機(jī)界面，操作簡(jiǎn)單 方便。故在該產(chǎn)品的控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中，采用西門(mén)子 CPU224 PLC作為系統(tǒng)控制核心，以 TD200 文本顯示器作為主要的人機(jī)對(duì)話界面，較好的滿足了上述要求，使設(shè)備能應(yīng)用在環(huán)境惡劣的施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。圖中上下卡頭均為液壓夾緊裝置，用來(lái)夾緊提升桿；主液壓缸完成提升 和回落動(dòng)作。需使重物回落時(shí)，上卡頭先夾緊，下卡頭放松，主液壓缸帶動(dòng)上卡頭和提升桿回落，到行程后，下卡頭夾緊，上卡頭放松，上卡頭隨主液壓缸提升，重復(fù)以上動(dòng)作，可實(shí)現(xiàn)重物的逐步回落。 設(shè)備應(yīng)具有手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)兩種控制模式，自動(dòng)用于正常的重物提升和回落，手動(dòng)模式用于調(diào)試、檢查維修等工作。 34 上卡夾緊下卡放松油缸提升下卡夾緊上卡放松油缸回落油缸回落上卡放松下卡夾緊油缸提升下卡放松上卡夾緊下一步下一步 （ a）提升過(guò)程 （ b）回落過(guò)程 圖 3 硬件系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)框圖 根據(jù)工藝過(guò)程要求，估算出開(kāi)關(guān)量 I/O 口共需 23 個(gè)，其中輸入 14 個(gè)，輸出 9 個(gè)；模擬量輸入口需 2 個(gè)。 CPU224 體積小、功能強(qiáng)，本身集成了 14 個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)量輸入和 10 個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)量輸出，用它接收各主令開(kāi)關(guān)、行程開(kāi)關(guān)等的輸入信號(hào)，并輸出控制各繼電器動(dòng)作。 EM231 有三路模擬量輸入通道可接收電壓或電流模擬量信號(hào)，本例中僅使用兩路。 表 1 PLC 輸入輸出端口配置表 類(lèi)別 輸入信號(hào) 輸入端口 輸出端口 輸出信號(hào) C P U 2 手 /自動(dòng)選擇 提升指示 重物提升 回落指示 重物回落 報(bào)警信號(hào) 上卡夾緊 上卡夾緊 上卡放松 下卡放松 油缸上行 油缸上行 油缸下行 油缸下行 下卡夾緊 下卡夾緊 35 2 4 下卡放松 上卡放松 油缸上行到位 油缸下行到位 電機(jī)過(guò)流 復(fù)位 急停 EM231 上卡壓力檢測(cè) RA 下卡壓力檢測(cè) RB 為使系統(tǒng)有友好的人機(jī)對(duì)話界面，實(shí)現(xiàn)如行走步數(shù)、夾緊時(shí)間、壓力上下限等現(xiàn)場(chǎng)參數(shù)的設(shè)定和輸出各種報(bào)警提示信息，選擇一臺(tái)西門(mén)子 TD200 文本顯示器作為顯示設(shè)定單元。 TD200 與 CPU224連接很簡(jiǎn)單，只需用它提供的連接電纜接到 CPU224 的 PPI 接口即可，不需要單獨(dú)電源。當(dāng)設(shè)定總步數(shù)（ VW32） 大于當(dāng)前步數(shù)（ VW34）時(shí)，若輸入“重物提升”（ ）指令，程序執(zhí)行“重物提升程序”，實(shí)現(xiàn)重物的步進(jìn)提升。 36 初始化程序手動(dòng)程序提升程序回落程序 圖 4 PLC 主程序圖 為保證上下卡頭能充分夾緊或放松提升桿，避免意外事故發(fā)生，程序中每次夾緊動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行都需檢測(cè)卡頭處的壓力反饋值，確認(rèn)有效后方可執(zhí)行下一動(dòng)作。 程序編制時(shí)，還應(yīng)充分考慮對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的各種危險(xiǎn)操作的保護(hù)，如不 允許兩個(gè)電磁閥繼電器同時(shí)動(dòng)作，以保證液壓系統(tǒng)油壓相對(duì)恒定；不允許上下卡頭同時(shí)放松；上下卡頭同時(shí)夾緊時(shí)，禁止主缸提升或回落。 對(duì) TD200 文本顯示器的組態(tài)可在 STEP7MICRO/WIN 編程軟件提供的“向?qū)А?Wizard）指引下進(jìn)行，按其指定的格式填入需要顯示的信息及設(shè)定需監(jiān)測(cè)的變量。全部組態(tài)完成確認(rèn)后 Wizard 自動(dòng)生成一個(gè)包括 TD200 參數(shù)和信息的數(shù)據(jù)塊，可以打開(kāi)“數(shù)據(jù)塊編輯器”來(lái)瀏覽 或修改該數(shù)據(jù)塊。 5 結(jié)束語(yǔ) 該控制系統(tǒng)充分發(fā)揮了 PLC 可靠、靈活的優(yōu)勢(shì)和 TD200 友好的人機(jī)界面功能。 37 錄 2 外文文獻(xiàn) Control Devices and PLC 1, Types of Controls Devices Several types of control devices are used industry to satisfy the following control needs: Mechanical Control Pneumatic Control Electromechanical Control Electronic Control Computer Control Programmable Control Mechanical control includes cams and governors. Although they have been used for the control of very plex machines, to bi cost effectively, today they are used for simple and fixedcycle task control. Some automated machines, such as screw machines, still use cambased control. Mechanical control is difficult to manufacture and is subject to wear. Pneumatic control is still very popular for certain applications. It uses pressed air, valves, and switches to construct simple control logic, but is relatively sloe. Because standard ponents are used to construct the logic, it is easier to build than a mechanical control. Pneumatic control parts are subject to wear. As does a mechanical control, an electromechanical control uses switches, relays, timers, counters, and so on, o construct logic. Because electric current is used, it is faster and more flexible. The controllers using electromechanical control, except that the moving mechanical ponents in an electromechanical control device are replaced by electronic switches, which works faster and is more reliable. Computer control is the most versatile control system. The logic of the control is programmed into the puter memory using software. It not only can be for machine and manufacturing system control, but also for data 38 munication, Very plex control strategies with extensive putations can be programmed. The first is the interface with the outside world. Internally, the puter uses a low voltage (5 to 12 volts) and a low current (several milliamps). Machine requires much higher voltages (24,110 or220 voltages) and currents (measured in amps). The interface not only has to convert the voltage difference, but also must filter out the electric noise usually found in the shop. The interface thus must be custombuilt for each application. 2, Relay Device Components A relay device is the main ponents of PLC and consists of a front display panel with switches, relays, timers, and counters. Switches A switch is a device that either opens a circuit. Although there are numerous types and styles of switches, they can be classified into the following categories (): LockingNormally ClosedMultiple PoleNonLockingNormally OpenedMultiple Throw Types of switches ● Locking and no locking ● Normally opened and normally closed ● Single throw and multiple throw ● Single pole and multiple pole 39 Typical switches used in the control circuit include: ● Selector switches ● Pushbutton switches ● Photoelectric switches ● Limit switches ● Proximity switches ● Level switches ● Thumbwheel switches ● Slide switches Relay A switch operation is activated by an electromag is called a relay (). The contact and zymology for relays is usually the same as for switches. A small current passes through the mag causing the pole to switch. Usually, the mag is rated between 3to100 volts and a few hundred milliamps. Therefore, it is operated at very low power (current and voltage). A circuit carrying a much heavier rating can be switched using a relay。 it is normally closed. LS2 is the second limit swit