【正文】 間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如： 　　By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能）四、易混時(shí)態(tài)辨析過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。m sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。（“等”的動作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） — John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。試比較： 　　They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 　　They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 　　2）. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。如： 　　He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.例題解析：1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing.　　A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went　　C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone　解析：他去北京之前在上大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了4年 。此題選B。應(yīng)選C。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暫性的動詞短語。 間接引語：用自己的話應(yīng)用別人的話，不用引號。1. 黑體部分是連接詞。2. 間接引語部分均為陳述語序。4. 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，間接引語部分與直接引語的時(shí)態(tài)相同。當(dāng)直接引語是“一般疑問句”時(shí)。 （去掉：Do, Does, Did當(dāng)直接引語為“特殊疑問句”時(shí)。（去掉：Do, Does, Did當(dāng)直接引語為“祈使句”時(shí)沒有連接詞?；騮ell (ask) sb. not to do sth. 改寫He said to Amy, “Be careful!”He asked Amy to be careful.He shouted, “ Lily, Close the door.”He told Lily to close the door.He said to me, “Don’t be late.”He asked me not to be late.1. 不用連接詞2. 不改變時(shí)態(tài)。，在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。巧記為：主動、主動、主去動。 被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。例如：English is spoken by many 。(主動句) The door was 。不及物動詞本身沒有被動語態(tài)。不及物動詞本身意義完整，不需要帶賓語，如帶賓語必須通過介詞?，F(xiàn)以eat為例說明被動語態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。 三、被動語態(tài)的用法 (1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。(不知道電腦是誰偷的) This book was published in 。 例如：The window was broken by 。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。 四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法 (1)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。 (3)把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。 謂語動詞變被動，be后“過分”來使用。 歌訣是：情態(tài)動詞變動，情態(tài)加be加“過分”。 I have repaired my puter. My puter has been repaired. （2）謂語為動詞短語的被動語態(tài)不能丟掉動詞短語的介詞或副詞。動詞make/buy//get用for。 They call him Louis. He is called Louis（5）主動語態(tài)句中動詞make, have, let(使sb做sth), notice. see. watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel等變成被動語態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不定式需要加上to. Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. He was made to wash the dishes.（6）主動形式表被動. The poem reads well.（7）有些動詞不能用于被動語態(tài) take place/happen/e true/break out/belong to等。1. The teacher told him not to waste time on playing puter games.172。__________________________________________________________________3. They should do it right now.172。__________________________________________________________________5. The monster let the little girl clean the cave.172。__________________________________________________________________ can’t do it in one day.__________________________________________________________________ saw a dog crossing the road.__________________________________________________________________ people must take good care of old people ___________________________________________________________________ workers are building a new railway between the two cities. ___________________________________________________________________ 2).選擇正確答案1. I promise that matter will _______.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 2. No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building.A. been given B. given C. to give D. be given3. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given4. Can such a thing _____ happening again?A. prevent from B. prevented from C. be prevented from D. to prevent from5. A new house ________ at the corner of the road.A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building6. This bike ________ last year.A. bought B. has been bought C. was bought D. had been bought7. Did you see the house that _______ by fire last year?A. was destroying B. destroyed C. would destroy D. was destroyed8. It _______ whether she will get her work in the hospital.A. hasn’t been decided B. isn’t deciding C. doesn’t decide D. hasn’t decided9. The pen _______ me. It is hers.A. isn’t belong to B. wasn’t belong to C. doesn’t belong to D. didn’t belong to 10. I can’t use my bike because it _______.A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. will repair D. was repairing11． The window is dirty. — I know. It _____ for weeks. A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned12.—How long _______ at this job? —Since 1990. A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D .will you be employed13. Forests ______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut14. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose15. A new cinema _______ here. They hope to finish it next month.A. will be built B. is builtC. has been built D. is being built第四部分、If條件句(真實(shí)amp。如： If you ask him，he will help you．如果你請他幫忙，他會幫你的。從句多用一般過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)，表示對現(xiàn)在或過去的一種假設(shè)。 二、if 條件句的常見時(shí)態(tài)搭配1．if從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般將來時(shí) If he runs he’ll get there in time. 如果他用跑的，他就會及時(shí)趕到那兒。If it stops snowing we can go out. 如果雪停了，我們就可以出去。4．if從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加熱，它就會化成水。6．if從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，主句用一般將來時(shí)If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill. 如果你吃完了，我就叫服務(wù)生來算賬三、口訣小結(jié)： if 條件句不一般,幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)記心間。 條件句表可能，主句多用將來時(shí)； 條件句表事實(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如： We can walk there if we can39。如： If bears are in danger ,they attack people. if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，if 和條件句位置靈活，可直接放在主句后面，若 if 條件句放句首， 從句后面要加逗號，和主句隔開