【正文】 generally weled, in China they are definitely not. Physical contact is kept at a minimum, especially between foreigners and older Chinese citizens, particularly teachers.Email 3 Smiling and being friendly to strangers is a huge USAmerican cultural characteristic. British people are, very often, distant to plete strangers and consider others who smile randomly at people they don’t know as rather odd.Email 4 Although in most cultures, we nod for “yes”, and we shake heads when conveying a negative opinion. However, in Bulgaria when people mean “yes” they shake their head and when they mean “no”, they nod.Section D Case StudiesCase 1 “Is He Sure?” I’m Not SureExplanation Rana, in this case, feels puzzled for two reasons. First, she is not sure of the true meaning and opinions of her colleagues in Stockholm, even if she has no difficulty conversing with them verbally. Second, she is used to talking with gestures and rich facial expressions, thus conversation with her colleagues which lacks such body languages and facial expressions makes her feel less enthusiastic. We may in part agree with Rana when she wonders what does her boss really mean. Most frequently, we conduct a judgment not only on verbal information, but on an evaluation of intonation, facial expressions, gestures, arm movement, eye contact, and personal distance. In short, we gauge by nonverbal signals, or the silent language. This is a typical case of munication frustration or failure caused by the lack of nonverbal cues.Case 2 Monochronic Americans and Polychronic MexicansExplanationThe American telemunication pany, technically superior and working with high efficiency, fails to get the order. It is a fine example to show how an international pany should take any detailed nonverbal culture information into consideration when making decisions. America and Latin America have different orientation towards time, as a result, what are highly rewarded in one culture may not work well in another culture. Contrary to the American tele pany who provided a seemingly efficient and tight oneday agenda, the French delegation, just prepared a loose and open twoweek agenda without any definite and detailed plan. Despite the fact that the American pany may introduce to them a technologically superior product, the Mexican chose to extend their wele to the French pany who emphasized a long term relationship. From this case, we know that different cultures have different notions of punctuality and promptness, as we’ve described before, Hall in 1976 elaborated on two time systems: Monochronic Time (MTime) and Polychronic Time (PTime). MTime culture applies to American, Western and Northern European cultures, while Latin American, African Arab and most Asian cultures are typical PTime cultures. In MTime cultures, time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future, and schedules are particularly observed. On the other hand, a PTime culture is less clockbound, more flexible and more easily influenced by human factors. They lay less emphasis on punctuality and promptness which are greatly valued by MTime cultures. The difference in time culture may account for why the highlyefficient timetable of the American tele pany makes the Mexican pany feel pressed, suffocating and less friendly.Case 3 Flirting with DisasterExplanation This case reflects a typical failure in munication brought about by space language. Space language, or proxemics, varies with different cultures. Just as Hall classified the four distances for American culture, each culture has its presupposed safe and fortable body distances. From research, the distribution of acceptable distance between individuals across cultures is described by the following chart.Short distanceMedium distanceLong distanceLatinsAmericansJapaneseMediterranean ArabsNorthern EuropeansMediterranean EuropeansThroughout the conversation, the Australian lady kept retreating while Mark kept advancing to get to the fortable distance he expects. Without noticing, Mark’s fortable talking distance may make the Australian lady feel greatly annoyed and upset for it has exceeded her criteria for acceptable talking distance. Australians, like Americans, have a pattern that discourages physical contact, except in moments of intimacy. Having been taught from early childhood to avoid bodily contact with strangers, they are especially conscious of their personal space and allow much less intrusion than do other nationalities, even those considered to be friendly.UNIT 5 Cultural ValuesPart Three ExercisesSection A Culture Quiz1. Watch the video Cultural ConflictPersonal Values presented by Capilano University students and fill in the following chart accordingly.NamePersonal DescriptionCore ValueRichard EggerAlways on timePunctualityKelly NgoHates waiting aroundIndividualityFarzad Ahmri Loves his familyFamily loyaltyJosh WoodmanHates missing Canucks gamesSportsSara TayebiA hard workerKnowledge2. Look at the values on each side of the chart. Which value is most important to you? Circle the number that most closely represents your point of view and you will see your own values.Teaching notes: If students are all from the same culture, see if there is any variation in the answers. If not, point that out and mention that if the class included various other cultures, answers could be different. If you are familiar with other cultures, you may offer ideas on how students from those cultures might have responded.Section B Group Discussion“Face” is not new to the Chinese and other Asians. It carries a range of meanings based upon a core concept of “honor”. Within sociological and sociolinguistic studies it is generally defined as “the negotiated public image, mutually granted each other by participants in a municative events” (Scollon am