【正文】 new problem probably not yet unavoidable。s more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.精美譯文：科學研究的各種領域的相關發(fā)展，存在若干原因。另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。這是一個新問題，也許并非是不可避免的問題，但其趨勢卻令人擔憂。然而，人們可以預見，往往會出現(xiàn)一些問題要求科學做出具體的回答。這樣做通常是很有價值的。此種資助也與所有政府資助一樣，需要決定合適的投資對象。但是在幾個都沒有直接效用的項目中，要做出抉擇就特別困難。然而要做出正確的抉擇卻是困難的。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般是無法解決世上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。題目解析：71 )Some of these causes are pletely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent selfaccelerating.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 Some of / these causes // are // pletely 多重定語reasonable results / of social needs. 簡單句 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 Others // are // 多重定語reasonable consequences of / particular advances // in science / 分詞短語作后置定語being / to some extent / selfaccelerating.詞義推敲：some of these causes：其中一些原因cause：the producer of an effect, result, or consequence 緣故，原因一種影響、結(jié)果或后果的制造者result：the consequence of a particular action, operation, or course。 = other causes 其它原因reasonable consequences：合理結(jié)果，必然結(jié)果consequence：something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition 結(jié)果一種行為或情況在邏輯上或自然而然產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果to some extent 在一定程度上selfaccelerating 自我加速accelerate 加速，促進，增加（數(shù)量）參考譯文：在這些原因中，有些完全是（自然而然地來自社會需求/社會需求的合理結(jié)果），另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。從句如果是過去時，那么可以譯作：“當時”，“其時”；從句如果是將來時，那么可以譯作：“到時”，“屆時”。得分重點：同位語從句，定語從句，被動結(jié)構(gòu)73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73) 主句This // 被動結(jié)構(gòu)seems mostly effectively done // 介詞短語作方式狀語by supporting // a certain amount / of research // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 not related to // immediate goals // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 but of possible consequence // 介詞短語作時間狀語in the future.詞義推敲：This指代“problem”，這一問題。mostly：generally。 current 目前的和當時當?shù)赜嘘P的；當前的possible consequence 可能的影響參考譯文：給某些與當前目標無關但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持/通過支持某些與當前目標無關但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74) 狀語結(jié)構(gòu)However, // 主句the world // is // so made / 結(jié)果狀語從句that // elegant systems // are // 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)in principle // unable to deal with // 多重前置定語some （指代關系）of the world39。so … that…：如此（以至于）elegant systems （精美的）完美的/完善的體系in principle 一般而言deal with 解決，處理more fascinating and delightful aspects：更加（引人入勝/吸引人、令人高興）的課題fascinating：possessing the power to charm or allure。得分重點：被動結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)果狀語從句，多重定語74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world39。得分重點：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，方式狀語從句，省略結(jié)構(gòu)1997年　Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, groundclearing way to start. (71) Actually, it isn39。t like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. (74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “l(fā)ogical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others39。s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind39。這種提法聽起來似乎有助于把問題講清楚?！　≌\然，根據(jù)對權(quán)利的一種看法，必然認為，這只是一種認識，而且是一種有爭議的認識。此外，誰也不清楚，對于從來就不同意契約的人來說，這項契約又有多少約束力，因為有人要是說“我不喜歡這項契約”，那你又如何作答呢?　　問題的癥結(jié)是，如果人們對人的權(quán)利沒有一致的看法，那么爭論動物的權(quán)利是徒勞無益的?（73）這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認為應這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。最好換一種更為根本性的提法:我們對待動物的同情感用到關心動物的身上。（74）這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。 這種觀點認為，折磨猴子從道義上講無異于劈柴。實際上，這種看法是非常膚淺的，因為它邏輯混亂，所以應該摒棄。這就需要同情心和將心比心的想像力，沒有這兩點就無法用道德觀念來進行思考。（75）這種反應并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用。題目解析：71) Actually, it isn39。t, // 原因狀語從句because // it // assumes // 賓語從句that there // is // an agreed account of / human rights, // 定語從句which // is // something // 定語從句（省略that）the world // does not have.詞義推敲：it isn’t ＝ It isn’t a useful, groundclearing way to “事實并非如此”也能得分。because it assumesit 指代“這種問題”，是第二次提及，所以可以譯作“它”。 suppose 想當然；以為an agreed account of human rights：對于人權(quán)的約定的看法，共同的認識human rights 人的權(quán)利，人權(quán)account：careful thought 仔細考慮which 指代“agreed account”參考譯文：事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有共同的認識為基礎的，而這種共同認識并不存在。得分重點：原因狀語從句，賓語從句，省略結(jié)構(gòu)72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：72) 主句Some philosophers // argue // 賓語從句that rights // exist // only within a social contract, // 介詞短語作非限制性定語as // part of / an exchange of / duties and entitlements.詞義推敲：argue：to attempt to prove by reasoning。 trade 交換，交易給…以作為收到某物的回報；貿(mào)易duties and entitlements：權(quán)利和義務entitle：to furnish with a right or claim to something 給…權(quán)利或給…資格參考譯文：有些哲學家論證說，（權(quán)利只存在社會契約中，是責任與利益相交換的一部分/權(quán)利作為責任與權(quán)益相交換的一部分只存在于社會契約當中）。lead：to guide or direct in a course 導引在一方向牽引或指extreme：極端at the outset 從一開始 ＝ at the start / beginn