【正文】 法的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)可用于調(diào)整人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接權(quán)，也可用于神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).(10)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘. 數(shù)據(jù)挖掘是近幾年出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)，它能夠從大型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中提取隱含的、先前未知的、有潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值的知識(shí)和規(guī)則. 許多數(shù)據(jù)挖掘問(wèn)題可看成是搜索問(wèn)題，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)看作是搜索空間，挖掘算法看作是搜索策略. 因此，應(yīng)用遺傳算法在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行搜索，對(duì)隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生的一組規(guī)則進(jìn)行進(jìn)化，直到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)能被該組規(guī)則覆蓋，從而挖掘出隱含在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的規(guī)則. Sunil已成功地開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)基于遺傳算法的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘工具，利用該工具對(duì)兩個(gè)飛機(jī)失事的真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行了數(shù)據(jù)挖掘?qū)嶒?yàn)，結(jié)果表明遺傳算法是進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的有效方法之一.4 基于 MATLAB 的遺傳算法實(shí)現(xiàn)Matlab是一個(gè)高性能的計(jì)算軟件，配備有功能強(qiáng)大的數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)支持庫(kù)，適用范圍大，編程效率高，語(yǔ)句簡(jiǎn)單，功能齊備，是世界上頂級(jí)的計(jì)算與仿真程序軟件. 利用Matlab來(lái)編寫(xiě)遺傳算法程序簡(jiǎn)單而且易于操作.(1)編碼編碼就是把一個(gè)問(wèn)題的可行解從其解空間轉(zhuǎn)換到遺傳算法能夠處理的搜索空間的轉(zhuǎn)化方法，編碼形式?jīng)Q定了重組算子的操作. 遺傳算法是對(duì)編碼后的個(gè)體作選擇與交叉運(yùn)算，然后通過(guò)這些反復(fù)運(yùn)算達(dá)到優(yōu)化目標(biāo). 遺傳算法首要的問(wèn)題是通過(guò)編碼將決策變量表示成串結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù). 我們常用的是二進(jìn)制編碼，即用二進(jìn)制數(shù)構(gòu)成的符號(hào)串來(lái)表示每個(gè)個(gè)體. 通常根據(jù)搜索精度(sca_var)、決策變量上界(range(2)) 的和下界(range(1))來(lái)確定各個(gè)二進(jìn)制字符串的長(zhǎng)度(bit_n)，搜索精度為sca_var=(range(2)range(1))./(2^bit_n—1)，然后再隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)的初始種群(be_gen),其規(guī)模為popusize. 15下面用encoding函數(shù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)編碼和產(chǎn)生初始的種群：function [be_gen,bit_n]=encoding(sca_var,range(1),range(2),popusize)bit_n=ceil(log2 (( range(2) range(1))./sca_var))；be_gen= randint( popusize, sum(bit_n))；(2)譯碼決策變量經(jīng)過(guò)編碼之后，各個(gè)個(gè)體構(gòu)成的種群be_gen 要通過(guò)解碼才能轉(zhuǎn)換成原問(wèn)題空間的決策變量構(gòu)成的種群vgen，譯碼首先要求出二進(jìn)制數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)的十進(jìn)制數(shù)decimal，然后根據(jù)下面的公式求出實(shí)際決策變量X： X=range(1)+decimal*sca_dec. 通?？梢杂胐ecoding函數(shù) [19]來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)譯碼的過(guò)程：function[vgen,fitness]=decoding(f,be_gen,bit_n,range(1),range(2))popusize=size(be_gen,1)；n_var=length(bit_n)；sca_dec=(range(2) range(1))./(2^bit_n 1)；bit_n=cumsun(bit_n)；bit_n=[0 bit_n]；for i=1:n_varbe_var(i)=be_gen(:,bits(i)+1:bit_n(i+1))；var(i)= range(1)(i)+sum(ones(popusize,1)*2.^(size(be_var(i),2) 1: 1:0).*be_var(i),2).*sca_dec(i)；endvgen=[var(1,:)]；for i=1:popusizefitness(i)=eval([f,’(var_gene(i,:))’] )；end(3)選擇選擇就是利用碼后求得的各個(gè)個(gè)體的適應(yīng)度的大小，從中選出一些適應(yīng)度高的個(gè)體，并淘汰一些適應(yīng)度較小的個(gè)體以生成交配池的過(guò)程. 然后再對(duì)優(yōu)良的個(gè)體進(jìn)行交叉和變異操作. 在選擇算子中，先找出當(dāng)前群體中適應(yīng)度最高和最低的個(gè)體，將最佳個(gè)體bes_ind 保留并替換最差個(gè)體，直接進(jìn)入下一代，將剩余個(gè)體evol_gen 按適應(yīng)值16比例選擇法進(jìn)行操作，即采用輪盤(pán)賭(roulettewheel)方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn). 這種方式首先計(jì)算每個(gè)個(gè)體的適應(yīng)值，然后計(jì)算出該適應(yīng)值在群體適應(yīng)值總和中所占的比例，來(lái)表示該個(gè)體被選中的概率，這樣既能保證最佳個(gè)體的適應(yīng)度值不會(huì)減小，最佳個(gè)體不會(huì)被交叉變異操作所破壞，也能不斷提高該群體的平均適應(yīng)度值. 比例選擇法體現(xiàn)了生物進(jìn)化過(guò)程中“優(yōu)勝劣汰，適者生存” 的思想，并且保證將優(yōu)良的基因遺傳給下一代. 我們可以用下面的函數(shù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)選擇算子：function [evol_gen,bes_ind,max_fitness]=selection(old_gen,fitness)[min_fitn,expo(b)]=min(fitn)； [max_fitn,expo(a)]=max_(fitn)；popusize=length(fitness)；bes_ind=old_gen(expo(a),:)；expo=[1:popusize]。expo(expo(a))=0。a—搜索上限。%pc—交叉概率。e—計(jì)算精度。elsei=i+1。chromlength=m。popu=round(rand(popusize,chromlength))。for i=1:py %進(jìn)行二進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)換成十進(jìn)制的解碼操作popu1(:,i)=2.^(py1).*popu(:,i)。endpopu2=sum(popu1,2)。yvalue=2*x.^2.*cos(3*x)+x.*sin(5*x)+8。endendfitscore=yvalue/sum(yvalue)。% 群體中個(gè)體的累積概率23wh=sort(rand(popusize,1))。fitone=1。wheel=wheel+1。endendpopu=newpopu。newpopu(i,:)=[popu(i,1:cpoint) popu(i+1,cpoint+1:chromlength)]。elsenewpopu(i,:)=popu(i,:)。endendpopu=newpopu。if mpoint=0。endnewpopu(i,:)=popu(i,:)。elsenewpopu(i,mpoint)=0。endend[y(j) index]=max(yvalue)。py=chromlength。py=py1。popu=newpopu。% 重新賦值并返回endfplot(39。,[a b])。plot(r,y,39。)。x39。ylabel(39。)[y index]=max(y)。% 返回優(yōu)化結(jié)果g an employment tribunal claimEmployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if:? you don39。t appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any pensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.25Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are plaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the anisations listed under Further help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the anisations listed under Further help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your pensation if you win the case. This is known as a damagesbased agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can39。re clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by , click on nearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islandsbased Webb, the head of Fifa39。s 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City39。s about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the racist behaviour of their fans during City39。s governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee39。s plaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day?；蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過(guò)成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過(guò)去，對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來(lái)，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺(jué)到有些事情，非做不可了。 Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn39。 Then in high school, think don39。t remember his appearance.　 　 童年時(shí)，覺(jué)得壓歲錢(qián)和新衣服是過(guò)年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會(huì)越來(lái)越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無(wú)；初中時(shí)，以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長(zhǎng)，但三年過(guò)去后，自己心平氣和的寫(xiě)同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長(zhǎng)了，好像并沒(méi)有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺(jué)得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來(lái)再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng)，看著他投過(guò)籃球的球框時(shí)，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。A perso