【正文】 4．簡(jiǎn)述幼兒園與家庭銜接的內(nèi)容。 五、論述題（每小題 13 分，共 26 分） 1．分析幼兒園教師成長(zhǎng)的操作路徑。 教歷研究就是教師通過(guò)對(duì)個(gè)人資料的收集，對(duì)自己思想軌跡的記錄，來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)自己、認(rèn)識(shí)自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐，并對(duì)自身實(shí)踐進(jìn) 行有意識(shí)的、系統(tǒng)的、持續(xù)不斷的探究反思，在反思的基礎(chǔ)上提高自己的實(shí)踐能力，最后改進(jìn)教學(xué)實(shí)踐。 同伴互助的方式的基本形式主要有對(duì)話、協(xié)作和幫助三種形式。 反思日記包括三種類型：自傳敘事、教學(xué)敘事、生活敘事。 案例教學(xué)的環(huán)節(jié)包括：案例引入；案例討論（在案例討論中居核心地位的是解決案例中所包含的疑難問題或做出具體的決定，所以案例討論可分為四個(gè)階段：開始、討論疑難問題、提供備擇方案、討論如何實(shí)施）、案例總結(jié)。 （ 1）家庭 兒童的一切發(fā)展都是從家庭開始的，在家庭中通過(guò)父母的影響與指導(dǎo)，兒童獲得了最初的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、社會(huì)知識(shí)、行為規(guī)范等。在諸多的家庭因素中，父母地扼教養(yǎng)方式是影響學(xué)前兒童發(fā)展的最重要因素。最常見的教養(yǎng)方式可分為溺愛、專制、民主和放任四種類型。 （ 2）幼兒園 從總體上看，幼兒園對(duì)學(xué)前兒童發(fā)展產(chǎn)生影響的主要因素包 括模仿、認(rèn)同以及教師的期望和要求等。 （ 3）社區(qū) 社區(qū)對(duì)學(xué)前兒童的影響主要包括五方面：對(duì)學(xué)前兒童進(jìn)行有效的補(bǔ)償性教育；積極影響學(xué)前兒童的身心健康發(fā)展；為學(xué)前兒童的成長(zhǎng)與發(fā)展提供保障；為學(xué)前兒童提供特定的精神環(huán)境；有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)前兒童的良好行為。老師看見了，對(duì) 她說(shuō)：“娃娃的東西怎么能到處亂放呢 ?趕快把這些玩具搬回去。老師聽到她在嘀咕著：“我都沒游戲玩，我想到外面去玩。 請(qǐng)你用幼兒園游戲活動(dòng)的組織等相關(guān)原理分析上述案例。 所以教師在組織學(xué)前兒童游戲時(shí)，應(yīng)該： 1．提供充分的游戲時(shí)間 保證兒童有充分的游戲時(shí)間，使促進(jìn)兒童發(fā)展游戲、提高游戲質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵因素，因此，教師在學(xué)前兒童的一日生活中應(yīng) 保證兒童每天有足夠的游戲時(shí)間，并且根據(jù)時(shí)間的不同組織學(xué)前兒童玩不同的游戲。固定的場(chǎng)所和設(shè)備能吸引并便于學(xué)前兒童開展游戲，因此應(yīng)該在室內(nèi)和室外都都有固定的游戲場(chǎng)地。要使學(xué)前兒童的游戲健康、豐富、生動(dòng)，必須配備適合、充足的玩具。 （二）幼兒園對(duì)父母做了個(gè)調(diào)查：“您認(rèn)為幼兒園老師是做什么的？” 父母主要有以下幾個(gè)說(shuō)法： A．幫父母看孩子的；解決父母的后顧之憂。 C．主要是照顧孩子，也教一點(diǎn)知識(shí)；培養(yǎng)和教育孩子。 答案要點(diǎn)： 教師扮演的“指導(dǎo)者”角色，具體表現(xiàn)為：（ 1）引導(dǎo)。（ 2）指導(dǎo)。（ 3）誘導(dǎo)。（ 4）教導(dǎo)。 （三）一位母親向?qū)＜易稍儠r(shí)說(shuō)：“我女兒上幼兒園中班，各方面表現(xiàn)都很不錯(cuò)，就是特別嗜好表?yè)P(yáng)。在幼兒園也是如此，明明是她粗心做錯(cuò)了題，老師點(diǎn)名提醒她，她的反應(yīng)異乎尋常地激烈，有時(shí)候甚至還會(huì)哭鼻子。 答案要點(diǎn)： （ 1）幼兒園應(yīng)以表?yè)P(yáng)、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)為主。 （ 3）運(yùn)用評(píng)價(jià)法要適時(shí)適度。 ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the weeklong holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the uping Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the remended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan — Hailar — Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the SinoMongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of geous colors all the year round the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the country39。s time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sisterinlaw. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for pany. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang39。 Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to bee pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentine39。s Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valenti