【正文】 gy, descriptions must stick to perceivable（可知覺(jué)的） information, whereas（但是） explanations deliberately（謹(jǐn)慎的） go beyond what can be observed.3) Psychologists believe that behavior should only be studied in a controlled research laboratory.4) In 1879, B. F. Skinner founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology.5) In Freud39。 asking a question10) The humanistic perspective in psychology gives greater weight and importance to AA) the capacity of humans to make choices.B) breaking down plex behavior into elementary units of behavior.C) how environmental forces e to control the individual39。 smilingC) asking a question。s displaced hostility（敵意） toward his mother is most likely to prefer the __D______ perspective.A) cognitive B) humanistic（人本主義） C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic（精神動(dòng)力）8) Psychologists who take the behaviorist approach seek to BA) illustrate解釋 the innate天生的品質(zhì) goodness of humans.B) understand how environmental stimuli（刺激） control behavior.C) validate the importance of thought processes in human behavior.D) demonstrate the importance of unresolved conflicts and inner forces.9) A teacher wants to see whether smiling at children if they raise their hands when she asks a question increases the likelihood （可能性）that children will volunteer answers. From the behaviorist perspective, the antecedent environmental condition is ________ and the consequence is A) smiling。Chapter 1 (答案D D C A C A D B C A \ F T F F T F F T T F)1) Psychology is best defined as the scientific study ofA) the mind and consciousness.B) the mental processes of individuals.C) mental disorders and abnormal（反常的） behavior.D) the behavior of individuals(個(gè)別的) and their mental processes.2) The first task in psychology is to make accurate observations（觀察） about behavior. This means that psychologists must first ________ behavior.A) predict B) explain C) control D) describe3) When drawing conclusions（結(jié)論） about behavior, psychologists rely onA) their own personal beliefs. B) what is known as mon sense（常識(shí)）.C) objectively collected information. D) their everyday observations of people.4) In order to investigate behavior, researchers may use different levels of analysis. Which of the following research questions exemplifies（例子） the broadest, most global level of analysis?A) What are the origins of prejudice?B) Are there gender differences in prejudice?C) Are there differences in how various racial groups express prejudice?D) What is the role of early childhood experiences in the formation of prejudice?5) In 1908, Hermann Ebbinghaus （艾賓浩斯）wrote that Psychology has a long past, but only a short history. Which statement best captures（描述） the idea that Ebbinghaus was expressing（表達(dá)）?A) Psychologists, like philosophers, have difficulty learning from their mistakes.B) Questions about human nature have existed for a long time, but only recently have the methods necessary to answer them been developed.C) The field of psychology has existed for a long time, but only recently have scholars begun to record the acplishments（造詣） of the profession.D) Although psychologists have been doing laboratory research for hundreds of years, little of substance（實(shí)質(zhì)） has been discovered about human nature.6) Which statement most closely characterizes （是……的特征）the current （流行）view of most psychologists toward the study of behavior?AA) Psychologists borrow and blend from（混合） different perspectives（觀點(diǎn)）.B) Psychologists tend to agree that the most productive approach is the biological perspective.C) Psychologists take the approach that plex behavior can be reduced to patterns of simple behavior.D) Although psychologists differ in their basic approach, all agree on the questions to be asked and how they should be studied.7) A psychologist who explains a rapist39。s(強(qiáng)奸犯) behavior in terms of the rapist39。 raising of hand B) raising of hand。 smiling D) raising of hand。s behavior.D) the powerful instinctual tendencies that dominate people39。s（弗洛伊德） view, human nature is not always rational（理智的）, and behavior may be driven by motives（動(dòng)機(jī)） that are not in conscious awareness.6) According to the humanistic perspective, people are driven by powerful, instinctive（本能） forces, manipulated by their environments, and are incapable of making choices and decisions concerning their lives.7) In the view of psychologists who follow the cognitive perspective, behavior is pletely determined（堅(jiān)定的） by preceding environmental events and past behavioral consequences.8) Simply stated, the idea behind natural selection is that organisms （有機(jī)體）that are better suited to their environments tend to produce offspring（后代） more successfully than those organisms with poorer adaptations.9) Brain imaging techniques（腦成像技術(shù)） have led to dramatic breakthroughs in the field of cognitive neuroscience（神經(jīng)科學(xué)）.10) Clinical psychologists apply the insights of researchers, but are not trained to do research themselves.Chapter 21) In what ways are theories and hypotheses（臆測(cè)） interrelated?A) Hypotheses are more important than theories.B) Theories are more important than hypotheses.C) When a hypothesis derived from a theory is not validated, the theory must be modified.D) Theories are not of fundamental importance in generating new hypotheses, except when a theory has been proven.Answer: C2) When psychological researchers are ready to put their hypotheses to the test, they rely onA) intuition. B) the scientific method.C) mon sense. D) subjective judgments.Answer: B3) There is a joke among scientists about a researcher who tells others that he belongs to a secret scientific society, where no one but the researcher will ever know about the studies members are doing. This joke is humorous because it violates（違反） the principle（原則） ofA) determinism. B) control groups. C) openmindedness. D) public verifiability.Answer: D4) A research assist