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。(說話人的保證) I will do my best to help you. 我愿意盡力幫助你。(說話人的命令) ( 2) be going + 動詞不定式 1)這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示主體現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?。例如? My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥準備明年學(xué)英語。 She is not going to be there. 她不會到那兒去的。 We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我們準備開個會來討論一下。例如: Look at these black clouds? it is going to rain. 看這些烏 云?要下雨了。 I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。 This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期這時候,我們將在那個工廠勞動。 I will be seeing him next month. 我下個月將要見他。 We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我們要去海邊度假 。一般將來時主要是對某一事情即將發(fā)生做一個事實性的說明或陳述,強調(diào)事實或意愿。第一人稱用 should。美國英語所有人稱一律用 would. should/would 的簡略形式為 ’d, 如 I’d, you’d。還可以表示過去的傾向或過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。 She told me she would e again next week. 她和我說她下周還來。 He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情緒低落的時候,就拉小提琴。 ( 3)其他表示過去將來時的結(jié)構(gòu): 1將來完成時 shall/will + have + 過去分詞 用法:將來完成時動詞主要表示在將來的某一時刻或?qū)淼哪骋粫r刻之前完成的動作,這一動作也可能繼續(xù)進行。 Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have pleted his work. 到上床睡覺 的時候,小明會做完他的工作(或作業(yè))。 By Sept. 20xx Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到 20xx年 9月,北京將舉行完了奧運會。這里要強調(diào)一定是及物動詞的過去分詞,因為不及物動詞不能帶賓語,也就不可能有被動語態(tài)。 The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永遠也不會被解釋清楚。 那家餐館沒有在裝修。 不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者。例如: I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面試的時候,有點 緊張。 That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那個地方已被變成游泳池。 還有下列常用句型( that后面跟句子): It is said that……. 據(jù)說 It is reported that……. 據(jù)報道 It is hoped that……. 希望 It is believed that……. 人們相信 It is announced that……. 據(jù)宣布 it is (well) known that……. 眾所周知 It has been decided that……. 已經(jīng)決定 It is supposed that……. 人們認為 It is suggested that……. 有人建議 It must be remembered that……. 務(wù)必記住 It is taken for granted that……. 被視為當(dāng)然 三、 虛擬語氣 多數(shù)中國人對虛擬語氣的理解是:虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望,是假設(shè)的,虛構(gòu)的,與事實相反的,或者是不太可能的。在英語中,虛擬語氣是個廣義的概念,包括好幾種句型和結(jié)構(gòu)。 英漢兩種語言表達虛擬語氣的方式差異: 而在英語中,虛擬語氣是通過句子中謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示的。由于虛擬語氣是通過句子中謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示的,因此,掌握虛擬語氣中所使用的各種謂語動詞形式變化是掌握虛擬語氣的關(guān)鍵,這也是虛擬語氣的難點。 學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的方法是分別弄通虛擬語氣的各種句型和結(jié)構(gòu),各個擊破。 (一)虛擬語氣用于表示假設(shè)的條件狀語從句,狀語從句相當(dāng)于漢語的 “假如 …” “ 要是 …” 等。 這是個帶條件從句的主從復(fù)合句,是直接的陳述語氣,主句謂語動詞用將來時,從句謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時,表示能實現(xiàn)的動作。此句的條件是 “只要她邀請我 ”, “去 ”這一動作就能實現(xiàn)。(說話人認為邀請的可能性較小或不可能。 2) If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀請我參加聚會,我就去了。 3) If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀請我參加聚會,我會去的。其含義是: It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能會邀請我,因此我不會去。虛擬語氣條件句中所用的謂語動詞過去式、過 去完成式、過去將來式等只表示不同的虛擬語氣,與直陳語氣句子的過去時、過去完成時等毫無關(guān)系,在學(xué)習(xí)時應(yīng)注意加以區(qū)別,不要混淆。見下表: 條件狀語從句的動詞形式 主句的動詞形式 If+主語 +動詞過去式 (be 的過去式 非正式場合中, I, he, she, it等后面也可用 was.但在 If I were you中,一定要用 were,不能用 was. I (we)should+動詞原形 主語 +would (might,could)十動詞原形 對過去的虛擬,表示與過去的事實相反的假設(shè)時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時 ,主句的謂語動詞用 would (should, could, might)+過去分詞。這與以上三種情況不同,虛擬語氣的謂語動詞形式?jīng)]有遵循以上規(guī)律。這種虛擬語 氣在意義上與帶 if 的條件狀語從句相同。(可以改為條件狀語從句)。)例如: It would produce bad results to do that. 用動詞不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results. 虛擬語氣省略條件從句或主句 表示虛擬語氣的條件句的主句或從句有時可以省略,而省略部分的含義仍有所體現(xiàn)。表示現(xiàn)在不能實現(xiàn)的愿望,從句的謂語動詞用過去式;表示將來的愿望,從句的謂語動詞用 “would (could)+動詞 原形 ”;對過去的事情表示愿望,從句的謂語動詞用 “had+過去分詞 ” 或 “could + have + 過去分詞 ”。如: I wish it were Spring all the year round. I wish you could go with us. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 用在 as if/as though,或 even if/even though引 導(dǎo)的從句中 : 這時,如果從句中表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,則謂語動詞用 had+過去分詞形式;如果指的時現(xiàn)在的狀況,則用過去式 (be用 were);指將來則用 would(should, could)+動詞原形。 在 It is (high) time (that)… 句型中,后面的從句的謂語動詞常用過去式 (be的過去式用 were), 或用 should+動詞原形 (should 不能省略 )來表示。 For example: It is time we left/should leave. It is high time that you got married. 在 I would rather (that)… 句型中,后面的從句的謂語動詞用過去式 (be的過去式用 were)。 For example: I’d rather I were in the rain now. I’d rather you did not tell him. 用在 suppose開頭的祈使句中,從句的謂語 動詞變化與 as if后面的動詞變化規(guī)律相同,用過去式、過去完成式、或過去將來式。如: Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do? Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the . do? Suppose Chen Shuibian should declare Taiwan independent. What would China do? 用在 for fear that或 lest引導(dǎo)的從句中,表示 “怕 …”“ 萬一 …” 等意思。如: She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold. The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged. Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building. 7. 在表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動詞,如 arrange, mand, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move(提議)后面的賓語從句中,謂語動詞用 should + 動詞原形, should 可以省略,而引導(dǎo)賓語從句的 that 不能省略。 The general manager insisted that the project be carried out as planned. 省長請求再給他一次機會。 The United States demanded that Iran should unconditionally give up its nuclear weapon program (program to develop nuclear weapons) 最高法院裁定此案必須重新審理。 使用上述表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動詞派生的名詞,或在這些動詞用作名詞時,名詞之后的從句用虛擬語氣,即從句的謂語動詞用 should+動詞原形,should 可以省略。這與上述第 7項類似。如: It was suggested that he attend the conference. It was requested that the trial be openly reported. 在 It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that… 句型中, that 引導(dǎo)的從句用虛擬語氣,即謂語動詞用 should + 動詞原形 ,should可以省略。 For example: It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter. It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July. It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board meeting. 另外,在一些習(xí)慣用語中也有虛擬語氣的形式。如: May you be happy! May you succeed! Long live the People’s Republic of China! Everybody leave the room! You had better not resign. I would rather not tell you. 總之,虛擬語氣是英語中的一個難點,因為虛擬語氣的用法和句型較多,動詞的變化比較復(fù)雜。同時,也要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)虛擬語氣的規(guī)律。同學(xué)們還可以自己總結(jié)適合自己的規(guī)律,如把虛擬語氣句型可以分為用于簡單句、條件狀語從句、賓語從句、主語從句