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chapter3trafficstreamcharacteristics(交通流特性)-在線瀏覽

2025-03-22 03:15本頁面
  

【正文】 in queue waiting to reach the study location,motorists using alternative routes to avoid the congestion around the study location, and motorists deciding not to travel at all due to the existing congestion. ? Capacity would be the maximum volume that could be acmodated by the highway at the study location. 第二節(jié) 統(tǒng)計(jì)交通量的方法 一、手工計(jì)數(shù)法 1.人工紙上計(jì)數(shù)法 記錄可用一定格式的表格登記,累計(jì)記錄時(shí),應(yīng)按所取時(shí)段( 5min、 15min或 1h)分別累計(jì)。 ? 交通量統(tǒng)計(jì)表 表 34 人工統(tǒng)計(jì)方法是我國最常用的方法,適合在任何地點(diǎn)、任何情況進(jìn)行交通量進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),機(jī)動(dòng)靈活易于掌握,但長(zhǎng)時(shí)間連續(xù)觀測(cè)時(shí),精度不易保證。該方法靈活、方便,根據(jù)調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)資料,可以同時(shí)計(jì)算出交通量、平均行駛車速、平均運(yùn)行時(shí)間等。其中 1人記錄與觀測(cè)車反向行駛的會(huì)車數(shù), 1人記錄與觀測(cè)車同向行駛的超車數(shù)和被超車數(shù),另 1人記錄觀測(cè)車順向行駛時(shí)間和反向行駛時(shí)間。一般往返 12— 16次,即可得到滿意的結(jié)果。 例 35 在長(zhǎng) ,用測(cè)試車往返 12次觀測(cè)同向和逆向車數(shù)的記錄結(jié)果如下,求該路段的車流量和車速。對(duì)于多車道的情況,最好變換車道行駛。 Speed ? Time mean speed (TMS,時(shí)間平均車速 ) the average speed of all vehicles passing a point on a highway or lane over some specified time period. ? Space mean speed (SMS,空間平均車速 ) the average speed of all vehicles occupying a given section of highway or lane over some specified time period. To measure time mean speed(TMS), an observer would stand by the side of the road and record the speed of each vehilce as it passes. Given the speeds and the spacing shown in , a vehicle will pass the observer in lane A every 176/88=2s. thus , as long as the traffic stream maintains the conditions shown, for every n vehicles traveling at 88ft/s, the observer will also observe n vehicles traveling at 44ft/s. the TMS may then be puted as: To measure space mean speed (SMS), an observer would need an elevated location from which the full extent of the section may be viewed. Again, however, as long as the traffic stream remains stable and uniform, as shown, there will be twice as many vehicles in lane B as there are in lane A. therefore, the SMS is puted as: TMS is puted by finding each individual vehicle speed and taking a simple average of the results. SMS is puted by finding the average travel time for a vehicle to traverse the section and using the average travel time to pute a speed. 例 對(duì)長(zhǎng)為 100m的路段進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀測(cè),獲得數(shù)據(jù)如表 4- 1所列: 車速觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)表 41 試求其時(shí)間平均車速與空間平均車速? 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 1 2 3 4 75 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ? 解: ? Percentile (百分位) a value in a distribution for which the stated percentage of the population has a characteristics that is less than or equal to the specified value, 15, 50 and 85 percentiles are very mon Logit M odel0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%110%0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13G aps ( s ec)Cumulative Probability5 0 pe r ce n tile8 5 pe r ce n tile1 5 pe r ce n tile 交通流速度的概念 一、速度的概念 設(shè)車輛在 t時(shí)間內(nèi)、在道路上行駛 L距離,則車速可用 L/ t形式表示。 汽車上車速里程表指示的車速、交通標(biāo)志中限制的車速和雷達(dá)測(cè)速儀測(cè)得的車速均為地點(diǎn)車速,它是用作道路設(shè)計(jì)、交通管理和規(guī)劃的依據(jù)。 行駛車速用來分析道路區(qū)段行駛難易程度和設(shè)計(jì)道路通行能力以及車輛運(yùn)行的成本效益分析。行程車速是一項(xiàng)綜合性指標(biāo),用以評(píng)價(jià)道路的通暢程度,估計(jì)行車延誤情況。 計(jì)算車速 計(jì)算車速又稱設(shè)計(jì)車速是指在道路交通與氣候條件良好的情況下僅受道路條件限制所能保持的最大安全車速,用作道路線形幾何設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它的大小就是地點(diǎn)車速觀測(cè)值的算術(shù)平均值。 ???niit vnv11 區(qū)間平均車速(即路段平均車速) 某瞬間道路上某區(qū)間內(nèi)全部車輛車速分布的調(diào)和平均值,或者定義為一批車輛通過某一路段時(shí),其行駛距離與各輛車行程時(shí)間的平均值之比。 ???Mi isvnLv111?? niistnLv11 兩者之間的關(guān)系 時(shí)間平均車速和區(qū)間平均車速都是描述交通流運(yùn)行速度的指標(biāo)。 利用下式可用時(shí)間平均車速推求區(qū)間平均車速: 式中: б2t—— 時(shí)間平均車速觀測(cè)值的方差。 ssstvvv2??? Density ? It is defined as the number of vehicles occupying a given length of highway or lane and is generally expressed as vehicles per kilometer per lane. ? Difficult to obtain from the field using occupancy (占用率) which is defined as the proportion of time that a detector is covered by a vehicle in the specified period of time itOT?? Eg: consider a case in which a detector records an occupancy of for a 15min analysis period. If the average length of a vehicle is 28 ft, and the detector is 3 ft long, what is the density? 車道占有率 空間占有率 公路的單位面積中各車輛所占面積的總和。 式中: Rs—— 空間占有率(%); L—— 觀測(cè)路段總長(zhǎng)度( m); ti—— 第 i輛車的長(zhǎng)度( m); n—— 該路段的車輛數(shù)。 其表達(dá)式如下: 式中: Rt—— 時(shí)間占有率(%); T—— 觀測(cè)時(shí)間( s); ti—— 第 i輛車通過觀測(cè)路段所用的時(shí)間( s) ; n—— 在觀測(cè)時(shí)間內(nèi)通過觀測(cè)路段的車輛數(shù)。 同向行駛的
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