xxxx第三章經(jīng)濟核算與環(huán)境-在線瀏覽
2025-02-03 10:23本頁面
【正文】 and growth rate 假設(shè) ? = a b c, 那么 : Y= ?( ) ? 如果低效率國家 LE的 ? =1，而高效率國家 ME的 ?= ? 那么在相同的初始狀態(tài) L,K,R和儲蓄率下，高效率國家有高產(chǎn)出和高收入 Same initial L,K,R and savings rate ? ME will always have higher output/ine 2023/1/19 22 Time Y LE (? = ) ME (? = ) Ine growth rates for moreefficient (ME) and lessefficient (LE) productivity Yt= ?t( x x ) 2023/1/19 23 What drives efficiency? ? 外生性增長 Exogenous efficiency growth – Lucky breaks: Good weather, etc. ? 內(nèi)源性增長 Endogenous efficiency growth – 新技術(shù) New technology – 改善管理 Improved management ? ?t = f(Kt1)。 in textbook: ?t = 2023/1/19 24 Recap: Drivers of GDP growth ? 加大投入 More input use (L, K, R) ? 增加資本積累 More capital accumulated (K) ? 提高效率 More efficiency (?t) – Endogenous efficiency growth is based on Kt1 ? So how to encourage these? 2023/1/19 25 激勵與行為 Incentives and behavior ? What makes people save more? – 文化習俗 Cultural norms – 儲蓄收益 Likelihood of gain from saving ?利率 Interest rates (return on capital ownership) ?稅率 Tax rates ?回報的波動性 Volatility of returns ?產(chǎn)權(quán)安全性 Security of property rights 2023/1/19 26 一、環(huán)境影響恒等式 IPAT model P180 環(huán)境影響恒等式 I = P A T I= Environmental Impact (resource extraction and Waste insertion) P= 人口數(shù)量 Population A= 富裕程度 Affluence (per capita consumption or GDP/P) T= 技術(shù)水平 Technology ( Env impact/unit consumption ) 第三節(jié) 經(jīng)濟增長與環(huán)境 Economic Growth and the Environment 2023/1/19 27 Example for IPAT model ? Global emissions of CO2 ? 2023年， P=6 billion, A= $7000, T=$ ? I=6 7000 ? I= billion tons ? I=PAT is an identity! 它指出了經(jīng)濟活動是對環(huán)境影響最直接的決定因素 2023/1/19 28 IPAT 情景分析 Scenario analysis using IPAT ? 人口增長 Population growth ( function of fertility) ? 經(jīng)濟增長 Economic growth (Affluence growth) ? 技術(shù)進步 Technology change 2023/1/19 29 技術(shù)需求 What technology changes are needed to keep cons
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