【正文】 據(jù)菌落和菌體形態(tài)特征，判斷出該分離菌是何種真菌。(2)對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行感官評(píng)定，將各批發(fā)酵的甜酒釀品評(píng)結(jié)果記錄于下表中。批 次品 評(píng) 項(xiàng) 目結(jié)論出汁（ml）口感酒度甜味異味pH1234甜酒釀制作中有哪幾類(lèi)微生物參與發(fā)酵作用？各自起何種作用？成功制作甜酒釀的關(guān)鍵步驟是什么？實(shí)驗(yàn)四 檸檬酸產(chǎn)生菌的分離及檸檬酸的固體發(fā)酵一、目的要求學(xué)習(xí)從環(huán)境中選出能產(chǎn)檸檬酸的霉菌，了解從環(huán)境中獲得目的菌種的一般方法；掌握檸檬酸的發(fā)酵、提取、檢測(cè)方法。不論采用何種菌株，檸檬酸發(fā)酵都是典型的好氧發(fā)酵。前兩種方法利用空氣氣相中的氧氣，后者則是利用液體中的溶解氧。雖然液體深層發(fā)酵法已大量代替了固體發(fā)酵法，但處于一些廢渣的利用及投資較少的緣故，在一些地方淺層固體法生產(chǎn)檸檬酸仍在使用中。檸檬酸的固體發(fā)酵工藝分為淺層法和厚層法，均是將發(fā)酵原料、輔料及菌體放在疏松的固體支持物上，經(jīng)過(guò)微生物的代謝活動(dòng)，將原料中的可發(fā)酵成分轉(zhuǎn)化為檸檬酸的過(guò)程。利用這一特點(diǎn)，；發(fā)酵產(chǎn)物中檸檬酸為多鹽有機(jī)酸，能與CaCO3形成沉淀，利用鈣鹽法即可檢測(cè)。（二）淺層固體發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基制備：將米糠：麩皮按照2：1的比例配料，加65%的水分（45ml:50g），拌勻后按15g/250ml分裝到三角瓶中，用紗布牛皮紙封扎瓶口，于121℃，滅菌30min。發(fā)酵：培養(yǎng)溫度3032℃，經(jīng)24h培養(yǎng)后搖瓶一次，測(cè)pH；將三角瓶放平后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24h左右使培養(yǎng)基結(jié)成塊狀。產(chǎn)物檢測(cè)：（1）檸檬酸鑒定 取5ml發(fā)酵液于試管中，滴入飽和CaCO3溶液，有白色沉淀則證明產(chǎn)生檸檬酸。五、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告將發(fā)酵全過(guò)程測(cè)定酸度的pH值繪制成曲線(xiàn)圖。檸檬酸固體發(fā)酵過(guò)程中應(yīng)注意哪些操作要點(diǎn)？實(shí)驗(yàn)五 酒精發(fā)酵及下游處理實(shí)驗(yàn)一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康恼莆站凭l(fā)酵工藝的具體操作。~%的比例稱(chēng)取活性干酵母，將其倒入燒杯中，加入適量的水、葡萄糖、NaCl，放于30℃恒溫箱中保溫20min，進(jìn)行干性酵母活化。將接種的三角瓶置于28℃的恒溫箱中進(jìn)行發(fā)酵48h，用單孔膠塞接一橡皮管，末端接發(fā)酵栓（或倒扣一個(gè)漏斗），置于裝水的燒杯中，排氣。將發(fā)酵液微熱到40℃左右，降低發(fā)酵液的黏度，將其用紗布過(guò)濾，得濾液。六、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告 思考題在發(fā)酵過(guò)程中如何控制酵母菌生長(zhǎng)的最適溫度？原料破碎徹底與否與提高酒精得率有何關(guān)系？計(jì)算100g原料出酒率。通過(guò)測(cè)定漿果的成熟度，來(lái)了解原料的成熟質(zhì)量，確定各品種的最佳工藝成熟度，并以此決定葡萄酒類(lèi)型和相應(yīng)的工藝條件。二、試劑與儀器、手持糖量計(jì)、托盤(pán)天平、量筒、水浴鍋、電爐、移液管、錐形瓶、容量瓶、5L玻璃瓶。三、方法與步驟：從轉(zhuǎn)色期開(kāi)始每隔57天采樣一次，對(duì)于大面積園，采用250株取樣法：每株隨機(jī)取12粒果實(shí)，并取300—400粒；面積較小的品種。簡(jiǎn)單的成熟度的測(cè)定可用手持糖量計(jì)測(cè)定，如果是精確的測(cè)定可在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中采用斐林試劑測(cè)定。 ；取100g分選較好的葡萄果粒，用紗布擠汁，放入小燒杯中，立即稱(chēng)量；出汁率=葡萄汁重量/葡萄果實(shí)重量。 自流汁率(％)=W1/W2 x 100 總出汁率(％)=(W1+W2)/ Ws x 100式中W1——葡萄漿自流汁的重量，(g)； Ws——試樣重量，(g)； W2——經(jīng)壓榨流出的葡萄汁重量，(g)。：用斐林試劑法測(cè)定還原糖，用堿滴定法測(cè)定總酸。：分選葡萄果實(shí)，剔除病蟲(chóng)、生青、腐爛的果實(shí)。四、結(jié)果及分析評(píng)價(jià)漿果的成熟質(zhì)量。二、所需儀器及試劑：1. 儀器： 5升、10升玻璃瓶，塑料盆，紗布、溫度計(jì)、比重計(jì)、天平、木棍、燒杯、量筒等。三、實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容1. 酵母、果膠酶的活化：采用工業(yè)專(zhuān)用酵母，按照200mg/L的量稱(chēng)取酵母，放入三角瓶中，加入50mL蒸餾水，在40℃條件下活化20分鐘。2. 裝瓶：裝量不超過(guò)瓶容的75％，同時(shí)按汁量加入50～80mg/LS02攪勻，亞硫酸的濃度為6%，6%，添加量的計(jì)算（）：[葡萄果實(shí)kg50]/[1000]ml。（注：添加的酵母、果膠酶以及亞硫酸的量都是以葡萄汁的量來(lái)計(jì)算）。5．當(dāng)比重降至1010～1020時(shí)，出酒，同時(shí)壓榨皮渣，混合、控溫18～20℃，進(jìn)行后發(fā)酵管理。7. 貯藏：滿(mǎn)瓶、調(diào)游離S02為20～30mg/L。9. 穩(wěn)定性試驗(yàn)：檢查酒的氧化、鐵、銅、色素、微生物穩(wěn)定性，若需要應(yīng)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的處理。并加入510 g/L SO2，打塞、臥放貯存。熟悉各個(gè)理化指標(biāo)的測(cè)定方法。三、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟：：揮發(fā)酸小于1g/L。四、討論1. 在酒精度的測(cè)定中需要進(jìn)行校正。實(shí)驗(yàn)九 自制葡萄酒將成熟的葡萄去枝，洗凈，瀝干。 然后將瓶口密封，進(jìn)入發(fā)酵。 在瓶?jī)?nèi)密封24h后，有泡沫出現(xiàn)，汁液析出，葡萄皮浮起，每天用勺子攪動(dòng)兩次，將葡萄皮壓到汁液中，讓它充分浸泡。酒度11%，pH()，前發(fā)酵結(jié)束這時(shí)打開(kāi)蓋聞之，如有酒香氣撲鼻，即可用紗布將酒渣濾去，然后加入10％的白酒和10％的白糖，攪拌后進(jìn)行發(fā)酵，這時(shí)酒壺應(yīng)放在1020℃（25℃）（紅：15℃ 少量O2，白：13℃ 適量O2）陰涼處。 12個(gè)月后，葡萄酒成熟，酒色呈桔黃色或玫瑰色，酒濃香醇，味有點(diǎn)酸。 注意： 1)第一次發(fā)酵期要用玻璃瓶(2—3天) 2)第二次發(fā)酵期要用小口塑料壺(不要隨時(shí)打開(kāi)瓶蓋) 首先準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)大的廣口瓶或者瓦罐，一把勺子。然后將瓶口密封，但是切記不要將瓶口封的太緊，防止發(fā)酵時(shí)發(fā)生爆炸。710d后，發(fā)酵趨于平緩，葡萄皮由深色變?yōu)闇\色，這時(shí)用虹吸管將容器內(nèi)的酒液抽出，然后用紗布將剩于葡萄皮內(nèi)的酒液擰出。靜置15d。成品葡萄酒指標(biāo)：糖酸酒精顏色單寧（g/L）pH（1112）第 62 頁(yè) 共 62 頁(yè)（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of prehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen innerparty supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the code adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard。 the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party。 the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. code and Regulations revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation。s leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the code and rule , reflects the party39。s eighteen years prehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of the ICAC guidelines in in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too plicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice。 the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat。 two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue。s eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised low political criterion and Regulations , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a longterm, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent rule and rule . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and selfdiscipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party passes party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 h