【正文】 grain diameter as determined from a random cross section.從材料任一橫截面上測量的晶粒直徑的平均值。Microstructure: 顯微組織The structural features of an alloy (., grain and phase structure) that are subject to observation under a microscope.在顯微鏡下觀察到的某合金的結(jié)構(gòu)特征（例如：晶粒和相的組織結(jié)構(gòu)特征）。Scanning electron microscope: 掃描電子顯微鏡，SEMA microscope that produces an image by using an electron beam that scans the surface of a specimen。掃描電子顯微鏡的應(yīng)用使對樣品的表面特征和顯微組織特征進行高倍觀察成為可能。 outofsurface plane deflections in response to electronic or other interactions with the probe are monitored, from which a topographical map of the specimen surface(on a nanometer scale) is produced.一種不用光學(xué)射線產(chǎn)生圖象，而是用非常尖銳的探針依次橫掃描過樣品表面,利用探針對被測樣品進行掃描，同時檢測掃描過程中探針與樣品的相互作用（如樣品探針間的隧道電流或相互作用力等），得到樣品相關(guān)性質(zhì)（如電子態(tài)密度、形貌、摩擦力、磁疇結(jié)構(gòu)等），因而統(tǒng)稱為掃描探針顯微鏡（SPM）Transmission electron microscope: 透射電子顯微鏡，TEMA microscope that produces an image by using electron beams that are transmitted (pass through) the specimen.Examination of internal features at high magnifications is possible.透射電子顯微鏡是用穿過樣品的透射電子束產(chǎn)生樣品組織形貌像的顯微鏡。Cu forms a substitutional solid solution for concentrations up to 第六章 擴散Diffusion: 擴散Mass transport by atomic motion.固體中原子，或分子等，通過熱運動而發(fā)生長程遷移，或宏觀物質(zhì)傳輸現(xiàn)象。從產(chǎn)生擴散的原因來看，原子的遷移主要分為兩大類，一類稱為化學(xué)擴散，它是由于擴散物質(zhì)在固體中分布不均勻、在化學(xué)濃度梯度的推動下產(chǎn)生的擴散；另一類稱為自擴散，它是在沒有化學(xué)濃度梯度情況下，僅僅由于熱振動而產(chǎn)生的擴散。此外，還有應(yīng)力場、熱場和電場等所引起的擴散。Diffusion coefficient (D): 擴散系數(shù)The constant of proportionality between the diffusion flux and the concentration gradient in Fick’s first law.Its magnitude is indicative of the rate of atomic diffusion.Fick第一定律中，擴散通量和濃度梯度之間的比例系數(shù)。Fick’s first law: 菲克第一定律，擴散第一定律The diffusion flux is proportional to the concentration gradient.This relationship is employed for steadystate diffusion situations.擴散通量與濃度梯度成正比例。Fick’s second law: 菲克第二定律，擴散第二定律The time rate of change of concentration is proportional to the second derivative of concentration.This relationship is employed in non steadystate diffusion situations.濃度對時間的變化率成正與濃度對距離的二階導(dǎo)數(shù)。Steadystate diffusion: 穩(wěn)定態(tài)擴散The diffusion condition for which there is no net accumulation or depletion of diffusing species.The diffusion flux is independent of time.擴散組元既沒有凈堆積也沒有凈虧空的擴散過程是穩(wěn)定態(tài)擴散。Nonsteadystate diffusion: 非穩(wěn)定態(tài)擴散The diffusion condition for which there is some net accumulation or depletion of diffusing species.The diffusion flux is dependent on time.擴散過程中，擴散組元存在凈堆積或凈虧空的擴散過程是非穩(wěn)定態(tài)擴散。Selfdiffusion: 自擴散Atomic migration in pure metals.純金屬中的原子遷移過程。間隙原子由一個間隙位置遷移至鄰近的間隙位置所構(gòu)成的擴散。Activation energy (Q): 激活能，QThe energy required to initiate a reaction, such as diffusion.開動某一反應(yīng)或過程，例如擴散過程，所需要的能量。Component: 組分A chemical constituent (element or pound) of an alloy, which may be used to specify its position.合金的任一組成（可以是元素或化合物），可以被用于區(qū)分其構(gòu)成成分。也稱為濃度。Concentration profile: 濃度曲線The curve that results when the concentration of a chemical species is plotted versus position in a material.在材料中，某種化學(xué)物質(zhì)的濃度隨其位置關(guān)系變化的曲線。第七章 力學(xué)性能Anelasticity: 滯彈性In most engineering materials, elastic deformation will continue after the stress application, and upon load release some finite time is required for plete recovery. This timedependent elastic behavior is known as anelasticity.應(yīng)力施加后，大多數(shù)工程材料彈性形變都會持續(xù)，并且撤去加載，樣品的完全回復(fù)也需要一定的時間。Design stress: 設(shè)計應(yīng)力For static situations and when ductile materials are used, design stress, σd, is taken as the calculated stress level σc (on the basis of the estimated maximum load) multiplied by a design factor, N39。σc, where N39。即σd= N39。大于1。Elastic deformation: 彈性形變Deformation in which stress and strain are proportional is called elastic deformation. Elastic deformation is nonpermanent, which means that when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變成正比關(guān)系的形變稱為彈性形變。Elastic recovery：彈性回復(fù)Elastic recovery means that when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.彈性回復(fù)是指當(dāng)樣品所受應(yīng)力撤銷后，其完全回復(fù)到初始形狀的現(xiàn)象。Engineering strain: 工程應(yīng)變Engineering strain ε is defined according to ε = (lil0)/l0 = Δl/l0, in which l0 is the original length before any load is applied, and li is the instantaneous length. Sometimes the quantity lil0 is denoted as Δl, and is the deformation elongation or change in length at some instant, as referenced to the original length. Engineering strain is unitless.工程應(yīng)變ε由方程ε = (lil0)/l0 = Δl/l0定義，這里l0是樣品加載前的初始長度，li是加載瞬間的長度，有時lil0也用Δl來表示，即代表與初始長度相比較，某一時刻樣品形變的延長率或長度的變化。Engineering stress: 工程應(yīng)力Engineering stress σ is defined by the relationship σ = F/A0, in which F is the instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the specimen cross section, in units of newtons (N), and A0 is the original crosssectional area before any load is applied (m2). The units of engineering stress are megapascals, MPa.工程應(yīng)力σ的定義為σ = F/A0，這里F是加載在垂直樣品橫截面的瞬間載荷，單位為牛頓，A0是加載前樣品的初始橫截面積（單位m2），工程應(yīng)力單位為MPa。Hardness: 硬度Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localize plastic deformation.硬度是材料抵抗局部塑性形變的量度。Plastic deformation: 塑性形變As the material is deformed beyond the strain that elastic deformation persists, the stress is no longer proportional to strain, and permanent, nonrecoverable, or plastic deformation occurs. 當(dāng)材料的形變超出彈性形變發(fā)生的范圍，其應(yīng)力將不再與應(yīng)變成正比，永久的、不可回復(fù)的形變發(fā)生，即為塑性形變。Proportional limit: 比例極限For metals that experience the gradual elasticplastic transition, the point of yielding is determin