【正文】 halfplane of atoms for an edge dislocation, and along the center of the spiral of a screw dislocation.刃型位錯(cuò)中多余半原子面邊緣的連線，或者螺型位錯(cuò)中錯(cuò)排螺旋的中心軸線。螺型位錯(cuò)的柏氏矢量平行與其位錯(cuò)線。Dislocation: 位錯(cuò)A linear crystalline defect around which there is atomic misalignment.晶體材料中的線狀缺陷，在其附近，原子發(fā)生錯(cuò)排。Solvent: 溶劑The ponent of a solution present in the greatest amount.It is the ponent that dissolves a solute.溶液（固溶體）中，含量最大的組元，此組元溶解了溶質(zhì)。Solute: 溶質(zhì)One ponent or element of a solution present in a minor concentration.It is dissolved in the solvent.溶液（固溶體）中，含量較少的組元或元素。Interstitial solid solution: 間隙固溶體A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.相對(duì)尺寸較小的溶質(zhì)原子占據(jù)溶劑或晶格原子之間間隙位置所形成的固溶體。Atomic vibration:原子振動(dòng)The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance.材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振動(dòng)。Vacancy: 空位A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing.一個(gè)缺失原子或離子的晶格節(jié)點(diǎn)位置。Weight percent (wt%)：質(zhì)量百分?jǐn)?shù)Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass).Stoichiometry: 正常價(jià)化合物For ionic pounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions specified by the chemical formula.在離子化合物中，正、負(fù)離子的比例嚴(yán)格遵守化學(xué)公式定義的化合價(jià)關(guān)系。Imperfection: 缺陷，不完整性A deviation from perfection。Vacancy diffusion: 空位擴(kuò)散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.一種擴(kuò)散機(jī)制，此時(shí)原子的凈遷移是從晶格節(jié)點(diǎn)位置遷移到相近的空位中。一般說來，這種振動(dòng)與溫度相關(guān)，溫度越高，振動(dòng)的幅度越大，因此也稱為原子熱振動(dòng)。Solid solution: 固溶體A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species.Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.包含兩種或兩種以上元素的均勻單相。溶質(zhì)溶解在溶劑中。Burgers vector (): 柏氏矢量A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion associated with a 。Plastic deformation corresponds to the motion of dislocations in response to an applied shear stress. Edge, screw, and mixed dislocations are possible.在外加切應(yīng)力作用下位錯(cuò)的運(yùn)動(dòng)可以導(dǎo)致晶體材料的塑性變形。Mixed dislocation: 混合位錯(cuò)A dislocation that has both edge and screw ponents.同時(shí)含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位錯(cuò)。Edge dislocation:刃型位錯(cuò)A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half plane of atoms within a crystal.The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.一種一維線型晶體缺陷，形態(tài)上可是描述為晶體中存在的多余半原子面的末端附近區(qū)域所形成的原子錯(cuò)排組態(tài)。Frenkel defect: 弗侖克爾缺陷In an ionic solid, a cation–vacancy and cation–interstitial pair.在離子固體中的陽離子空位對(duì)和陽離子間隙原子對(duì)。 for most materials, an elevatedtemperature heat treatment is necessary.在多晶體材料中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，對(duì)大多數(shù)材料來說，這需要在一定溫度下進(jìn)行熱處理。Photomicrograph: 顯微組織照片The photograph made with a microscope, which records a microstructural image.在顯微鏡下拍攝，記錄顯微組織結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)的照片。Scanning probe microscope: 掃描探針顯微鏡，SPMA microscope that does not produce an image using light radiation. Rather, a very small and sharp probe raster scans across the specimen surface。這里所談的原子遷移，在是指固體中原子脫離它原來的平衡位置躍遷到另一平衡位置的位移。Diffusion flux (J): 擴(kuò)散通量The quantity of mass diffusing through and perpendicular to a unit crosssectional area of material per unit time.單位時(shí)間內(nèi)通過一個(gè)垂直與擴(kuò)散方向上單位橫截面積內(nèi)的通過物質(zhì)量。這種關(guān)系被用于描述穩(wěn)定態(tài)擴(kuò)散。也可以描述為：擴(kuò)散通量與時(shí)間無關(guān)的擴(kuò)散過程是穩(wěn)定態(tài)擴(kuò)散。Interstitial diffusion: 間隙擴(kuò)散A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.晶體擴(kuò)散機(jī)制的一種。Carburizing: 滲碳The process by which the surface carbon concentration of a ferrous alloy is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment.從周圍環(huán)境中向鐵基合金表面擴(kuò)散碳，從而使其表面碳濃度提高的工藝過程。Concentration gradient (dC/dx): 濃度梯度，The slope of the concentration profile at a specific position.濃度曲線某一點(diǎn)處的斜率。這種與時(shí)間相關(guān)的彈性行為稱為滯彈性。 is greater than unity.對(duì)于靜態(tài)條件以及延展性材料的情況下，設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)力σd是計(jì)算的應(yīng)力σc（即估算的最大載荷）乘以一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)因子N39。Ductility: 延伸度Ductility is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture. 延伸度是指材料在斷裂時(shí)發(fā)生的塑性形變程度的量度。Elastomer: 彈性體Elastomer is a class of polymers whose deformation displayed by strainstress curve is totally elastic, ., large recoverable strains produced at low stress levels. 彈性體是聚合物的一個(gè)種類，它的應(yīng)力－應(yīng)變曲線表明其變形是完全彈性的，即很低的應(yīng)力變化就會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的可回復(fù)應(yīng)變。Flexural strength: 抗彎強(qiáng)度For the brittle ceramic materials, flexural strengths are determined by the stress at fracture in transverse bending tests.對(duì)脆性陶瓷材料來說，抗彎強(qiáng)度即為橫向彎曲試驗(yàn)中樣品斷裂時(shí)的應(yīng)力。Poisson’s ratio: 泊松比Poisson’s ratio represents the negative ratio of transverse and longitudinal strains.泊松比的定義為樣品橫向應(yīng)變與軸向應(yīng)變的相反數(shù)。Tensile strength: 抗拉強(qiáng)度Tensile strength corresponds to the maximum tensile stress that may be sustained by a specimen. 抗拉強(qiáng)度是指樣品可能承受的最大拉伸應(yīng)力。Yield strength: 屈服強(qiáng)度Yielding strength is indicative of the stress at which plastic deformation begins.屈服強(qiáng)度是指塑性形變開始發(fā)生時(shí)的應(yīng)力。 alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of a random surface section.材料單位體積內(nèi)的位錯(cuò)線的總長(zhǎng)度，或者在一個(gè)隨機(jī)切面上的單位面積內(nèi)切斷的位錯(cuò)根數(shù)。Recovery: 回復(fù)The relief of some of the internal strain energy of a previously coldworked metal, usually by heat treatment.冷塑性變形金屬釋放其部分應(yīng)變能的過程叫回復(fù)，通常采用熱處理的方法。Slip: 滑移Plastic deformation as the result of dislocation motion。Strain hardening: 加工硬化The increase in hardness and strength of a ductile metal as it is plastically deformed below its recrystallization temperature.塑性材料于再結(jié)晶溫度以下進(jìn)行塑性變形引起的硬度和強(qiáng)度升高現(xiàn)象。此種反應(yīng)在橡膠的分子鏈間形成橫向連接，橡膠的彈性模量和強(qiáng)度會(huì)得到提高。Intergranular fracture. Fracture of polycryst