【正文】 e economy Ceteris paribus 其它條件相同A Latin phrase, translated as 39。 used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant Circularflow diagram 循環(huán)流向圖A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Classical dichotomy 古典二分法The theoretical separation of nominal and real variables Closed economy 封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)An economy that does not interact with other economies in the world Coase theorem 科斯定理The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own Collective bargaining 集體談判The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment Collusion 勾結(jié)An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Commodity money 商品貨幣Money that takes the form of a modity with intrinsic value Common resources 共有資源Goods that are rival but not excludable Comparable worth 同工同酬A doctrine according to which jobs deemed parable should be paid the same wage Comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)The parison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost Compensating wage differential 補(bǔ)償性工資差別A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs Competitive market 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements 互補(bǔ)品Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good Constant returns to scale 規(guī)模收益不變The property that longrun average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes Consumer price index 消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer Consumer surplus 消費(fèi)者剩余A buyer39。 it occurs in the supply constrained equilibrium, so that rightwards shifts in aggregate supply reduce the level of unemployment petitive equilibrium price 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性均衡價(jià)格the price at which the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are equal to each otherconsumer protection legislation 消費(fèi)者保護(hù)法laws aimed at protecting consumers, for instance by assuring that consumers have more plete information about items they are considering buying consumer sovereignty 消費(fèi)者權(quán)益the principle that holds that each individual is the best judge of what makes him better off consumption function 消費(fèi)函數(shù)the relationship between disposable ine and consumption contingency clauses 應(yīng)變條款statements within a contract that make the level of payment or the work to be performed conditional upon various factors corporate ine tax 公司所得稅a tax based on the ine, or profit, received by a corporation correlation 相關(guān)relationship that results when a change in one variable is consistently associated with a change in another one costpush inflation 成本推動(dòng)型通貨膨脹inflation whose initial cause is a rise in production costs Cournot petition 古諾競(jìng)爭(zhēng)an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are mitted to a certain level of production and that rivals will reduce their prices as needed to sell that amount credentials petition 文憑競(jìng)爭(zhēng)the trend in which prospective workers acquire higher educational credentials, not so much because of anything they actually learn in the process but to convince potential employers to hire them by signaling that they will be more productive employees than those with weaker credentials credit constraint effect 信貸約束效應(yīng)when prices fall, firms39。 as a result, firms have fewer funds of their own to invest. Because of credit rationing, firms cannot make up the difference。 the firm promises to repay the amount borrowed with interest decentralization 分權(quán)化organizational structure in which many individuals or subunits can make decisions decision tree 決策樹a device for structured decision making that spells out the choices and possible consequences of alternative actions deficit spending 赤字支出the situation that exists when government expenditures are greater than revenues deflation 通貨緊縮a persistent decrease in the general level of prices demandconstrained equilibrium 受需求約束的平衡the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level above that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply at the current price level demandpull inflation 需求拉動(dòng)型通貨膨脹inflation whose initial cause is aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply at the current price level demographic effects 人口效應(yīng)effects that arise from changes in characteristics of the population such as age, birthrates, and location deregulation 放松管制the lifting of government regulations to allow the market to function more freely devaluation 貶值a reduction in the rate of exchange between one currency and other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家或工業(yè)化國家the wealthiest nations in the world, including Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減the principle that says that as an individual consumes more and more of a good, each successive unit increases her utility, or enjoyment, less and less dividends 股息that portion of corporate profits paid out to shareholders downward rigidity of wages 工資下降剛性the situation that exists when wages do not fall quickly in response to a shift in the demand or supply curve for labor, resulting in an excess supply of labor dual economy 二元經(jīng)濟(jì)the separation in many LDCs between an impoverished rural sector and an urban sector that has higher wages and more advanced technology duopoly 雙頭壟斷an industry with only two firms durable goods 耐用品goods that provide a service over a number of years, such as cars, major appliances, and furniture dynamic consistency 動(dòng)態(tài)一致性a policy is said to have dynamic consistency w