【正文】 s life Liquidity 流動性The ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy39。 markets) by peting firms (at the same level of production, for instance, among producers, or among wholesalers, or among retailers) hostile takeover 惡意收購when one management team (one firm) takes over the control of another, against the will of the second firm IImport quota 進口限額A limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically Imports 進口Goods and services that are produced abroad and sold domestically Inkind transfers 實物轉(zhuǎn)移支付Transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash Ine effect 收入效應(yīng)The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve Ine elasticity of demand 需求收入彈性A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers39。 profits and net worth to fall, and this makes them less willing to undertake the risks involved with investment fiscal policies 財政政策policies that affect the level of government expenditures and taxes fixed exchange rate system 固定匯率體系an exchange rate system in which the value of each currency is fixed in relationship to other currencies flexible exchange rate system 浮動匯率體系a system in which exchange rates are determined by market forces, the law of supply and demand, without government interference fixed or overhead inputs 不變投入或分攤投入inputs that do not change depending on the quantity of output, at least over the short term flow statistics 流量統(tǒng)計measurements of a certain rate of quantity per period of time, such as GDP, which measures output per year fullemployment deficit 充分就業(yè)赤字the budget deficit that would have prevailed if the economy were at full employment, thus with higher tax revenues and lower public assistance expenditures fullemployment output/ potential output 充分就業(yè)產(chǎn)出或潛在產(chǎn)出the level of output that would prevail if labor were fully employed (output may exceed that level if workers work more than the normal level of overtime)GGDP deflator 平減指數(shù)A measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100 Game theory 博弈理論The study of how people behave in strategic situations Giffen good 吉芬物品A good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Gross domestic product (GDP) 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time Gross national product (GNP) 國名生產(chǎn)總值The market value of all final goods and services produced by permanent residents of a nation within a given period of time gains from trade 交易所得the benefits that each side enjoys from a trade GDP per capita 人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值the value of all goods and services produced in the economy divided by population general equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析a simultaneous analysis of all capital, product, and labor markets throughout the economy Gini coefficient 基尼系數(shù)a measure of inequality (equal to twice the area between the 45 degree line and the Lorenz curve) green revolution 綠色革命 the invention and dissemination of new seeds and agricultural practices that led to vast increases in agricultural output in LDCs during the 196039。s saving with another person39。 The property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Excess demand 超額需求A situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Excess supply 超額供給A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded Excludability 排他性The property of a good that a person can be prevented from using it Exports 出口Goods and services that are produced domestically and sold abroad。 as a result, firms have fewer funds of their own to invest. Because of credit rationing, firms cannot make up the difference。 used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant Circularflow diagram 循環(huán)流向圖A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Classical dichotomy 古典二分法The theoretical separation of nominal and real variables Closed economy 封閉經(jīng)濟An economy that does not interact with other economies in the world Coase theorem 科斯定理The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own Collective bargaining 集體談判The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment Collusion 勾結(jié)An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Commodity money 商品貨幣Money that takes the form of a modity with intrinsic value Common resources 共有資源Goods that are rival but not excludable Comparable worth 同工同酬A doctrine according to which jobs deemed parable should be paid the same wage Comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢The parison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost Compensating wage differential 補償性工資差別A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs Competitive market 競爭市場A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements 互補品Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good Constant returns to scale 規(guī)模收益不變The property that longrun average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes Consumer price index 消費物價指數(shù)A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer Consumer surplus 消費者剩余A buyer39。MBA專業(yè)術(shù)語匯總AAbilitytopay principle 能力納稅原則The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage 絕對優(yōu)勢The parison amo