【正文】 njamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson—also played major roles in the American Revolution. Ⅴ . The 18thcentury Literature: 1. Jonathan Edwards (17031758) The Freedom of the will (1754) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758) 2. Benjamin Franklin (17061790) Autobiography Poor Richard39。vecoeur (17351813) Letters from an American Farmer (1782) 4. Thomas Paine (17371809) Common Sense (1776) American Crisis (17761783) 5. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) The Declaration of Independence 6. Philip Freneau (17521832) The Rising Glory of America The Wild HoneySuckle (1786) The Indian Burying Ground (1787) Benjamin Franklin (17061790) His life: He was born in 1706 into a poor candlemaker?s family. He was the 15th child . He went to work at age ten and had very little formal education when he was young. But he was very clever and hardworking. He read 4 widely, taught himself languages and practiced writing. He helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In whatever field he happened to appear, he achieved a success. Writer, printer, scientist, statesman, political economist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected figure of his time. He was the first great selfmade man in America. His works: 1. Autobiography 《自傳》 2. Poor Richard39。s 13 virtues are as follows: Temperance: Eat not to dullness。 avoid trifling conversation. Order: Let all your things have their places。 perform without fail what you resolve. Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself。 be always employed in something useful。 think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. Moderation: Avoid extremes。s peace or reputation. Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates. Poor Richard39。s Almanac was published yearly from 1733 to 1758 under the pen name Richard Saunders. It was a guide to both weather forecasts and wise maxims. The almanac was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies, and it sold as many as 10,000 issues a year. There are many interesting and helpful sayings in it. “Lost time is never found again.” “A penny saved is a penny earned.” “God help them that help themselves.” 5 “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” Thomas Paine (17371809) The political pamphlet: The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Many pamphlets were published during the Revolution. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps。s pamphlet Common Sense (1776)《常識》 boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, he became the spokesman of the American Revolution. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as an encouragement to the painfully fighting people. His chief contribution was a series of 16 pamphlets (17761783) entitled American Crisis. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) Thomas Jefferson was a founding father of the US, the author of the draft of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States of America. We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government bees destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and anizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Chapter 2 The Romantic Period (18201865) Ⅰ . Historical Background: After the American Revolution, America was gradually developing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. (1) Historically, the Romantic Period was the time of westward expansion. The western boundary of America had reached to the Pacific by 1860, and the number of its states had increased from the original 13 at the time of its independence to 21 by the middle of the 19th century. (2) Economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation, which affected the rural as well as the urban life. (3) Politically, democracy and equality became the ideals of the new nation, and the two party system came into being. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the fight with the Indians, the frontiersmen39。s The Sketch Book of Geoffrey 6 Crayon (18191820) 《見聞札記》 and ended with Walt Whitman39。 hero, Gee Washington。 grew up as the youngest of 11 children。s house, he rode there, on a spirited horse called Gunpowder, that he borrowed from his friend. When he got to the Van Tassel39。s head is thrown at Ichabod. The next morning, Gunpowder appeared at his master39。s saddle. When they looked near the bridge, they found Ichabod Crane?s hat, and a few yards away they found a smashed pumpkin. (1). Compare Irving39。 physical appearance (Crane in paragraph 8, Brom Bones in paragraph 26).(2). Constructed from German tales but set in America, it is a classic tale of the conflict between city and country. Such a theme has two interpretations: either the city is seen as beautiful, civilized, rich, clean and safe, and the country is ugly, dirty and dangerous, or else t