【正文】 ghost who lost his head during the American Revolutionary War and went out of the graveyard at night and searched for his head. After the party, Ichabod Crane heads home through the graveyard. On his way, the headless horseman chases him. He chases him to the bridge, where the horseman39。 cut off all unnecessary actions. Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit。 (2) posed by mon people during a long period of time and handed down from mouth to mouth。 the rhetoric is plain and honest, with a direct influence of the Bible. All this has left a great influence on American writing. American Puritanism has been a healthy legacy to the Americans. Ⅲ . The 17thcentury Literature: The early colonial writings 1. In various forms: Diaries, letters, histories, journals, travel books, religious and political writings, etc. 2. In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. 3. In form, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated. 4. Major authors and their masterworks: (1). John Smith (15801631) General History of Virginia(1624) (2). William Bradford (15901657) Of Plymouth Plantation (1651). (3). John Winthrop (15881649) The History of New England (4). John Cotton: (5). Roger Williams (16031683) (6). Anne Bradstreet (16121672) The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650) (7). Edward Taylor (16441729) the best of the Puritan poets Ⅳ .Two famous movements of the 18th century: 1. The Great Awakening It?s a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies in the middle of the 18th century. The major thinker was Jonathan Edwards. Its main purpose was to make people go back to God and especially arouse their belief in Puritanism with the development of science and society. ( 18 世紀(jì) 40 年代，美國歷史上出現(xiàn)了一次稱為“大覺醒”的宗教運動，宗旨之一是要在科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷進步，物質(zhì)生活不斷變化的時候，重新喚起人們的宗教熱情，特別是對清教主義的信仰。s peace or reputation. Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates. Poor Richard39。s saddle. When they looked near the bridge, they found Ichabod Crane?s hat, and a few yards away they found a smashed pumpkin. (1). Compare Irving39。 graduated from Harvard。 short stories Novels: Scarlet Letter (1850) 《紅字》： his masterpiece House of the Seven Gables (1851) 《帶七個尖角閣的房子》 Blithedale Romance (1852) 《福谷傳奇》 Marble Faun (1860) 《玉石雕像》 Short stories: Goodman Brown 《年輕小伙子布朗》 2. Dr. Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉普奇尼博士的女兒》 The Scarlet Letter (1850) 《紅字》 This book has 24 chapters and The Custom House is its introductory. Setting: in the puritan Boston during the mid17th century。 (2)The firstperson narrator uses I and is a major or minor participant in the action. Walt Whitman 沃爾特 man, man amp。 his father died when he was mere four years old。 5. The Pioneers 1823 《開拓者》 (1). The main characters: Natty Bumppo / Leatherstocking。s house, he rode there, on a spirited horse called Gunpowder, that he borrowed from his friend. When he got to the Van Tassel39。 be always employed in something useful。 also called heroic poem ② : (1) a story told in a song, usu. in 4line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed。 ) 2. The 18thcentury American Enlightenment The 18thcentury American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. America39。s Almanac Poor Richard39。s descriptions of the two characters39。 His importance: 1. He was the leading New England Transcendentalist. 2. His aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature. It marked the birth of true American poetry. In his poetry, he developed a freeform, natural style, using symbols and imagery drawn from nature. His work had an immense impact on other poets of the time such as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. Representative works: 1. Nature (1836)《論自然》： a philosophical work, an essay 2. “The American Scholar ” (1837)《美國學(xué)者》： a speech given at Harvard 3. SelfReliance (1840)《論自助》 : an essay Nature 《論自然》 1. a philosophical work about Emerson?s transcendental theories。 In the early days of New England, puritans lived a strict and moral life. Major characters: Hester Prynne: “the fallen woman”Arthur Dimmesdale: young clergyman, Hester?s lover Roger Chillingworth: old scholar, physician, Hester?s husband Pearl: illicit daughter of Hester and her lover Dimmesdale Plot summary: Page 7475 in Chang?s book Theme: guilt and confession, morality The House of the Seven Gables (1851) 《帶七個尖角閣的房子》 Major characters: colonel Pyncheon 品欽上校； Matthew Maule 馬修 .莫爾 Plot summary: Page 72 in Chang’s book Theme: Sin will get punished, one way or another. 10 1. His works has his ?black? vision of life and human beings. He thought there was evil in every human heart. So in almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discusses sin and evil. (Page 7172 in Chang’s book) 2. With his special interest in the psychological aspect of human beings, there isn?t much action, or physical movement going on in his works and he is good at exploring the plexity of human psychology. 3. Hawthorne is a master of symbolism. The scarlet letter “A”, the biggest symbol of all, takes on different layers of symbolic meanings as the plot develops. At first, it?s a symbol of shame, “Adultery”。 惠特曼 (1819 1892) The best and the most influential poet in the 19th century 11 His life: 1. born in a workingclass family in New York, son of a farmer and carpenter。 purity, innocence and youth Ahab —— man seeking to conquer nature A whaling voyage —— man?s journey in